phonological rules

final devoicing

POLISH RULE obstruents become voiceless before a word boundary/at the end of the word

voice assimilation

POLISH RULE an obstruent must agree with voicing with the following obstruent. the rule applies both morpheme-internally and across word boundaries

nasal gliding

POLISH RULE n becomes a nasalized glide before fricatives. The rule is obligatory in native words and optional in borrowings

vowel nasalization

POLISH RULE vowels become nasalized before nasalized glides

surface palatalization

POLISH RULE consonants become palatalized before i and j. This process is realised as a secondary gesture. The rule applies both merpheme internally and across word boundaries

degemination

ENGLISH RULE in cluster of two identical consonants one of them gets deleted. This rule only applies inside words

vowel reduction

ENGLISH RULE non-high short vowels become reduced to schwa in unstressed syllables. This rule is sensitive to any type of stress

complete assimilation

ENGLISH RULE nasal consonants assume all features of the following sonorant consonant. This rule is restricted to the negative prefix

palatalisation

ENGLISH RULE alveolar obstruents become palato-alveolar before j

j-deletion

ENGLISH RULE j is deleted after palato-alveolar obstruents

spirantisation

ENGLISH RULE alveolar stops spirantise (become fricatives) before i and j. The rule applies across morpheme boundaries in a restricted class of suffixes only

cc-shortening

ENGLISH RULE long vowels and diphtongs are shortened and każde before a cluster of two consonants. The rule is active only in morphologically complex words, and before clusters of consonants, which diachronically were never separated by a vowel

trisyllabic shortening

ENGLISH RULE long vowels and diphtongs are shortened and laxed before two following syllables, the first of which is unstressed. The rule applies only to morphologically complex words

obstruent devoicing

ENGLISH RULE obstruents become voiceless when followed by voiceless obstruents. The rule applies across morpheme boundaries in suffixes only