A&P 2: Ch. 25 HW

Reactions within ________ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell.

- the endoplasmic reticulum

- the plasma membrane

- the mitochondria

- cytoplasm

- nucleus

the mitochondria

The first steps of catabolism generally take place in the

- mitochondria.

- endoplasmic reticulum.

- nucleus.

- plasma membrane.

- cytosol.

cytosol

Glycolysis produces how many pyruvate molecules and how many ATP molecules? (Figure 25-2)

- 4 pyruvate molecules with a net gain of 2 ATP molecules

- 2 pyruvate molecules with a net gain of 4 ATP molecules

- 2 pyruvate molecules with a net gain of 2 ATP molecules

- 1 pyruvate molecule with a net gain of 1 ATP molecule

- 4 pyruvate molecules with a net gain of 4 ATP molecules

2 pyruvate molecules with a net gain of 2 ATP molecules

The function of the citric acid cycle is to

- produce carbon dioxide to balance the oxygen requirement for cellular respiration.

- hydrolyze glucose in the presence of oxygen to obtain two pyruvate molecules.

- transfer the acetyl group gained from glycolysis to molecules of pyruvate.

- produce water.

- remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes.

remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes.

All of the following occur during glycolysis, except

- a molecule of carbon dioxide is produced.

- hydrogen atoms are removed from organic molecules.

- a molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvic acid.

- four molecules of ATP are produced.

- two molecules of ATP are consumed.

a molecule of carbon dioxide is produced.

Although other nutrients can feed into the citric acid cycle, ________ yields energy the quickest.

- protein

- glycogen

- an amino acid

- fat

- glucose

glucose

The end products of aerobic respiration are

- carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.

- pyruvic acid and carbon dioxide.

- oxygen and water.

- carbon dioxide and alcohol.

- NADH and FADH2.

carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.

Most of the ATP from metabolism is produced in the

- citric acid cycle.

- glycolysis.

- electron transport system.

- mitochondrial matrix.

- cytosol.

electron transport system.

The process of synthesizing glucose from noncarbohydrates is called

- gluconeogenesis.

- glycolysis.

- glycemia.

- cellular respiration.

- glycogenesis.

gluconeogenesis

The two most important coenzymes for glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are

- FAD and FMN.

- NAD and ATP.

- ATP and GTP.

- NAD and FAD.

- ATP and ADP.

NAD and FAD.

The formation of GTP from GDP in the citric acid cycle is an example of

- cellular respiration.

- substrate-level phosphorylation.

- oxidative phosphorylation.

- decarboxylation.

- aerobic metabolism.

substrate-level phosphorylation.

Synthesis of fatty acids starts with __________.

- pyruvic acid

- acetyl-CoA

- monoglycerides

- amino acids

acetyl-CoA

The smallest lipoproteins, called __________, transport cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver.

- very-low-density lipoproteins

- low-density lipoproteins

- high-density lipoproteins

- chylomicrons

high-density lipoproteins

By keeping the other two variables constant and changing only one at a time, based on the formula: LDL = cholesterol - HDL - (Triglycerides/5), which of the following would have the greatest effect in reducing LDL levels?

- reducing triglyceride levels

- reducing cholesterol levels

- reducing HDL levels

- increasing triglyceride levels

reducing cholesterol levels

Where does beta-oxidation take place? (Figure 25-7)

- in the Golgi apparatus

- in the cytoplasm of cells

- in the plasma membrane of cells

- in the mitochondria

- blood plasma

in the mitochondria

The lipoproteins that carry absorbed triglycerides from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream are

- chylomicrons.

- LDLs.

- HDLs.

- VLDLs.

- coenzymes.

chylomicrons

In order to determine the LDL level in a patient's blood, it is necessary to measure

- total cholesterol level, HDL level, and triglyceride level.

- total cholesterol level.

- triglyceride level.

- HDL level.

- triglyceride and monoglyceride levels.

total cholesterol level, HDL level, and triglyceride level.

________ carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver.

- Very-high-density lipoproteins (VHDLs)

- Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)

- High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

- Micelles

- Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

Fatty acids that are necessary for proper health but cannot be synthesized by the body are called ________ fatty acids.

- non-metabolic

- essential

- oxidative

- vital

- metabolic

essential

During amino acid catabolism, the enzyme that removes the amino group from amino acids requires a co-enzyme derived from vitamin __________.

- D

- C

- B-6

- A

B-6

Which organ produces most of the urea in the body?

- kidneys

- stomach

- liver

- intestine

liver

The conversion of ammonia into a less toxic substance produces

- urea.

- acetyl-CoA.

- water.

- nitrate.

- ketone bodies.

urea

A high uric acid level (above 7.4 mg/dl) can lead to the painful condition known as

- lupus.

- rheumatoid arthritis.

- ketosis.

- gout.

- anorexia nervosa.

gout

Catabolism of protein is

not a practical source of quick energy because of all of the following

except that

- proteins are more difficult to break apart than lipids or carbohydrates.

- most individuals have little protein to spare before harming vital organs.

- one of the by-products of protein catabolism is ammonia.

- the energy yield from protein is less than the yield from lipids.

- extensive catabolism of protein threatens homeostasis.

most individuals have little protein to spare before harming vital organs.

The removal of an amino group from a protein to prepare it to enter the citric acid cycle is termed

- decarboxylation.

- transamination.

- beta-oxidation.

- deamination.

- amination.

deamination

Protein malnourishment may occur if the diet is deficient in

- nonessential amino acids.

- keto acids.

- essential amino acids.

- urea.

- ammonia.

essential amino acids.

When the body is relying on internal energy reserves to continue meeting its energy demands, it is in the ________ state.

- preabsorptive

- postabsorptive

- deprivation

- absorptive

- starvation

postabsorptive

On a tour of African countries, Mark contracts a bad case of traveler's diarrhea. Because he can't eat very much, his body starts to use energy sources other than carbohydrates. This would result in all of the following,

except

- glycogenesis.

- increased levels of urea in the blood.

- increased gluconeogenesis in the liver.

- ketosis and a decreased blood pH.

- lipid metabolism.

glycogenesis.

Frank has diabetes mellitus and his blood pH has dropped. What is the most likely cause of his acidosis?

- excess ammonia production

- excess ketone formation

- lipoprotein metabolism

- a build up of urea

- increased glycolysis

excess ketone formation

An element that is a component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes is

- calcium.

- zinc.

- magnesium.

- cobalt.

- iron.

iron

The element that is necessary for the proper function of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase is

- iodine.

- selenium.

- cobalt.

- iron.

- zinc.

zinc

The vitamin that plays a role in maintaining epithelia and is required for the synthesis of visual pigments is vitamin

- A.

- B.

- C.

- D.

- E.

A

The vitamin that is essential for the production of several clotting factors is vitamin

- E.

- A.

- C.

- B.

- K.

K

Inadequate exposure to sunlight could result in decreased amounts of vitamin ________ in the body.

- A

- B12

- C

- D

- E

D

Eating disorders are common. They can cause inadequate or excessive food consumption. Two major eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and

- marasmus.

- ketosis.

- bulimia.

- pyrexia.

- scurvy.

bulimia