Actually Useful Progress Test 1 Flashcards

helicase

unwinds the DNA strands on both sides of the replication bubble

SSBs

keep the replication bubble open

topoisomerase

relieves the tension/supercoiling upstream of the replication bubble

primase

adds RNA primers

DNA Polymerase III

adds DNA to the end of the RNA primers in the 3’ to 5’ direction

DNA Polymerase I

replaces RNA with DNA in okizaki fragments

DNA Ligase

joins the okizaki fragments by catalyzing the formation of phosphodiester bonds

transcription

from DNA to mRNA

translation

from RNA to protein

introns

sections that will be removed from mRNA (the commerical breaks)

exons

sections that will be translated from mRNA to protein (the actual TV show)

purines - adenine and guanine

nitrogenous bases that have 5 + 6 membered rings

pyrimidines - cytosine, thymine, uracil

nitrogenous bases with one 6 membered ring

anticodon

3 base pairs on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to the strand of mRNA that codes for a particular amino acid

southern blotting

transfers DNA from gel electrophoresis onto a permanent membrane

northern blotting

transfers mRNA from gel electrophoresis onto a permanent membrane

western blotting

transfers proteins from gel electrophoresis onto a permanent membrane

molecular probe

bind to and locate specific proteins or nucleic acid sequences (complementary strands or antibodies can be used)

hybridization

uses single stranded complementary nucleic acids to locate a specific sequence

silent mutation

mutation where the mutated codon codes for the same amino acid as the wild type

missense mutation

mutation where the mutated codon codes for a different amino acid than the wild type

nonsense mutation

mutation where the mutated codon is a stop codon, often resulting in short, dysfunctional proteins

frameshift mutation

mutation where a nucleotide pair is inserted or deleted, shifting the entire sequence by one. If this happens in any multiple of 3, it is called a codon insertion/deletion

PCR

chain reaction that can be used to amplify a small amount of DNA. Uses 1) denaturation, 2) primer annealing and 3) primer extension

monohybrid cross

cross between two heterozygous parents (Gg x Gg)

test cross

cross of a dominant phenotype organism w/heterozygous recessive to determine the organism’s genotype by observing the ratio of progeny traits