Federal Government

American History

_______________________, _______________________, and a bold desire for _______________________ would characterize the spirit of nationalism that would develop.

republicanism, civic engagement, independence

_______________________'s inauguration ​was an occasion for nationwide rejoicing.

George Washington

What do you call the period immediately after the Constitutional Convention?

New Republic

What events were included in the New Republic?

the Revolution of 1800

the War of 1812

the Era of Good Feelings

the march toward the expansion of democracy​

When was the Constitution effective?

1789, when 11 states ratified it

Who were the last two states who would ratify the Constitution?

North Carolina and Rhode Island

How many people formed the United States?

4 million

The Congress of the Confederation had asked the states to hold elections for: (3 things)

Presidential electors​, representatives, and senators

What was the Electoral College?

the group of men chosen to be electors

When did the Electoral College meet?

February 1789

When the votes were finally counted, _______________________ was elected President by unanimous vote and _______________________ was elected Vice President.

George Washington, John Adams

When and where did Washington take his oath of office?

April 30, 1789; on the balcony of Federal Hall

What were two problems that the federal government faced?

• the need to overcome any remaining fears of, and opposition to, a strong central government

• to win the respect of foreign nations

Why was the idea of a presidential cabinet rejected?

if the president needed advice on matters of foreign affairs, he could address the Senate

What were the four departments that Washington established to give him advice and discuss solutions?

• the Department of Foreign Affairs (later renamed the Department of State)

• the Department of the Treasury

• Department of War

• the Attorney General's office

What was the responsibility of an Attorney General?

it is a fourth executive position that handles the legal business of the government

Who was chosen as Secretary of State?

Thomas Jefferson

Who became Secretary of Treasury?

Alexander Hamilton

What was Hamilton’s profession?

New York lawyer

Who became the Secretary of War?

Henry Knox

Who became Attorney General?

Edmund Randolph

The _______________________ provided for a Supreme Court made up of a Chief Justice and five associate justices.

Judiciary Act of 1789

What did the Judiciary Act of 1789 do?

It strengthened the central government by permitting the Supreme Court to review state laws and state court decisions that involved the Constitution, treaties, and federal laws.

When was the Bill of Rights adopted?

1789

Which problem worried the Congress, which they gave to Hamilton to deal with?

The government was deeply in debt from the war and desperately needed to find additional sources of revenue.

When did the Congress want Hamilton to prepare a report for the financial crisis they had?

January 1790

The first part of Hamilton’s program involved the:

payment of debts

Hamilton proposed:

• to issue government bonds bearing an interest of _______________________

• to offer them in exchange for the _______________________ and other _______________________issued by the Continental Congress during the Revolution.

six percent

paper money

debt certificates

Why did Hamilton want the federal government to take on the debts of all the states and turn it into one federal debt?

so that the combined debt would then be paid off by all the combined states.

Who were the two people who opposed Hamilton’s plan?

James Madison and Thomas Jefferson

In exchange for congressional approval to assume state debts, Hamilton agreed for the national capital to be moved to _______________________ for _____ years while a permanent capital was being built on the banks of the _______________________ in ______________.

Philadelphia

10

Potomac River

Virginia

Hamilton got his financial system, and the ______________ won the national capital.

Virginians

A second part of Hamilton’s plan was:

• to promote American manufacturing

• to make the United States independent of European goods.

What was Hamilton’s purpose for raising the tariff?

to protect American industry from foreign competition

Why did Jefferson and Madison oppose the second part of Hamilton’s plan?

it favored Northern industrialists over Southern farmers who relied on the foreign market for the farm exports largely produced by the South.

Besides the tariffs, Hamilton's program involved increasing government revenue through __________________.

taxation

Hamilton’s recommendation was that various _________________​ be used to supplement the revenues obtained from the tariff.

excise taxes, including a tax on the domestic manufacture of distilled liquor

Who did not approve of imposing excise taxes?

Western Pennsylvania

Western Pennsylvania depended largely on ________________________________.

farming crops such as rye, barley, and corn

Excess grains were commonly distilled into _____________ to supplement the farmers’ income.

whiskey

To end the Whiskey Rebellion, in 1794 ___________________ had to call up a militia and march west to disperse the protestors.

George Washington

The _____________________ was one of the first major tests of the new government.

Whiskey Rebellion

The third part of Hamilton's program was a _____________.

Bank of the United States

Complete the following:

• Chartered by Congress, the bank would serve as an agent to the (1).

• The Bank held funds on (2) and (3) to the government when necessary.

• It would have the power to (4)--a sound, uniform currency backed by the bank's own reserves of (5) and (6).

• The bank would help the government with the (7).

Treasury

deposit

lent money

issue money of its own

gold

government bonds

national debt

Who were the main holders of government paper and would become the major stockholders in the bank?

Speculators

What was the three-cornered alliance pyramid of the bank?

bank, government, speculator

Out of the pyramid alliance would come:

firm government credit

a national currency

political stability

A key question that had to be answered was whether a national bank was _____________________.

constitutional

In _________________, Washington signed the controversial bank bill into law.

February 1791

The fourth part of Hamilton's financial program dealt with ____________________.

metal currency

On Hamilton's recommendation, Congress passed ____________________________, which provided for the minting of gold, silver, and copper coins based on the decimal system.

the Mint Act of 1792

Those who favored the economic interests of merchants and manufacturers sided with ________________________.

Hamilton and the Federalists

Those who sided with the planters and farmers agreed with:

Madison, Jefferson, and the Republicans ​(Democratic-Republican Party).