Week 11 - Neurological Alterations Flashcards

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When does CNS development begin in gestation?

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1

When does CNS development begin in gestation?

The 4th week of gestation.

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2

Until what age does rapid CNS growth continue?

5 years of age.

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3

What is the role of myelination in neurological development?

It aids in motor control development, starting at 16 weeks gestation.

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4

What is a nurse's role in monitoring CNS development?

Recognize normal and abnormal developmental milestones.

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5

What does the Pediatric GCS assess?

Cognitive, motor, and sensory function.

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6

Why is age-appropriate neurological behavior important in GCS?

To accurately interpret responses based on developmental stage.

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7

What is the lowest score on the Pediatric GCS?

3, indicating deep coma or death.

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8

What does a score of 8 or lower on the GCS indicate?

Severe brain injury or neurological compromise.

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9

What causes hydrocephalus?

Increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain ventricles.

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10

What are early signs of hydrocephalus in infants?

Bulging fontanel, increased head circumference, and irritability.

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11

What is the primary treatment for hydrocephalus?

Placement of a VP shunt.

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12

What complications should nurses monitor for in VP shunts?

Infection and obstruction.

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13

What are early signs of increased ICP?

Irritability, nausea, and headache.

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14

What are late signs of increased ICP?

Altered pupillary response, bradycardia, and posturing.

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15

What medications are used to manage ICP?

Mannitol and corticosteroids.

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16

What is the primary nursing intervention for increased ICP?

Monitor neurological status and maintain head elevation.

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17

What are the main types of head injuries?

Concussion, contusion, and fractures.

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18

What are severe symptoms of head injury?

Loss of consciousness, seizures, and persistent vomiting.

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19

What is a priority in nursing care for head injuries?

Stabilize the patient and monitor for increased ICP.

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20

What prevention measures should nurses educate families about?

Helmet use and supervision during activities.

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21

What are the types of meningitis?

Viral (aseptic) and bacterial (septic).

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22

What are key symptoms of meningitis?

Fever, nuchal rigidity, and positive Brudzinski/Kernig signs.

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23

How is bacterial meningitis treated?

With antibiotics.

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24

What vaccination helps prevent bacterial meningitis?

The meningococcal vaccine.

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25

What are the types of generalized seizures?

Tonic-clonic, absence, myoclonic, and atonic.

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26

What is a focal seizure?

A seizure affecting one area of the brain, causing motor, sensory, or awareness changes.

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27

What should a nurse do during a seizure?

Ensure safety, position the patient side-lying, and monitor oxygenation.

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28

What is status epilepticus?

A seizure lasting longer than 30 minutes or recurrent seizures without recovery.

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29

What critical signs indicate a neurological emergency?

Status epilepticus, signs of herniation, or severe infections.

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30

How can nurses support families of children with neurological conditions?

Provide education, emotional support, and resources for chronic condition management.

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31

What role does folic acid play in CNS development?

It helps prevent neural tube defects during early gestation.

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32

Why is CNS myelination important after birth?

It enhances motor skill development and reflex maturation.

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33

What does a GCS score of 9–12 indicate?

Moderate brain injury.

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34

Which three categories are evaluated in the GCS?

Eye opening, verbal response, and motor response.

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35

What is an example of an age-appropriate motor response in infants?

Spontaneous movement or withdrawal from pain.

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36

What is a common symptom of hydrocephalus in older children?

Headache and difficulty with balance or coordination.

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37

What teaching point is essential for families managing a VP shunt?

Recognizing signs of shunt malfunction, such as irritability or vomiting.

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38

How is head circumference monitoring used in hydrocephalus?

To detect abnormal increases in infants.

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39

What is Cushing's triad, and what does it indicate?

Bradycardia, hypertension, and irregular respiration; it signals late-stage increased ICP.

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40

What positioning helps reduce ICP in pediatric patients?

Elevating the head of the bed 15–30 degrees.

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41

Why should suctioning be limited in patients with increased ICP?

It can elevate intracranial pressure.

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42

What is the hallmark symptom of a concussion?

Temporary loss of consciousness and confusion.

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43

Why is repeated vomiting after a head injury concerning?

It may indicate increased ICP or brain injury.

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44

What type of skull fracture is most concerning in children?

A basilar skull fracture, due to the risk of brainstem injury or CSF leakage.

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45

What is the difference between Brudzinski’s and Kernig’s signs?

Brudzinski: Neck flexion causes knee/hip flexion. Kernig: Pain with knee extension when the hip is flexed.

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46

What laboratory finding is common in bacterial meningitis?

Increased CSF white blood cells and protein, with decreased glucose.

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47

What is the priority nursing action during a febrile seizure?

Lower the child’s temperature and ensure a safe environment.

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48

What medication is commonly used for status epilepticus?

Benzodiazepines like lorazepam or diazepam.

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49

How does vaccination help prevent meningitis?

It reduces the incidence of bacterial infections like Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and pneumococcus.

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50

What is an essential safety tip for sports to prevent head injuries?

Ensuring proper helmet fit and use during all activities.

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