26-27 Music Sec 1

what is the broadest definition of music?

sound organized in time

what, other than musical instruments, can be used to create music?

noises and tones produced by any means

what is required to make music?

a time frame, sound waves, and a cognizant mind to perceive and interpret sounds

what are some common, but not required, factors of music?

a composer, performers (organic or mechanical), and a means of recording and reproducing

what is improvisation?

when the composition and performance of a piece happens simultaneously

some degree of what is necessary for music to exist?

human intention and perception

why do some languages not have a word for “music”?

music is deeply connected with ritual, language, dance, etc.

what does globalization lead to an increase of?

incorporation of different cultures between Westerners and Non-Westerners

what is “music of the Western World”?

musical traditions developed in Europe in the past 2 millennia

What is sound, abstractly?

a wave of energy

What does a wave consist of?

amplitude and frequency

amplitude =?

decibel level/how loud or soft the tone is

frequency =?

pitch/highness or lowness of the sound

between what frequency range can humans hear a singe sustained note?

20 - 20,000 cycles per second

what does a pure sine wave at 440 Hz sound like?

an A above middle C

what do musicians in the US tend to tune their instruments to?

A-440, or 440 Hz

what are the two kinds of musical sounds?

pitched and non-pitched

what type of instruments provide most of the non-pitched sounds in music?

percussion

what is an ethnomusicologist?

scholars who study the music of other cultures, or multiple cultures comparatively

who categorized instruments into 4 groups?

Curt Sachs and Erich von Hornbostel

what are the 4 groups of instruments categorized by Sachs & Hornbostel?

chordophones, aerophones, membranophones, & idiophones

what are chordophones?

instruments with one or more string(s), which can be plucked, bowed, or struck

what are examples of chordophones?

violins, harps, and guitars

what are aerophones?

instruments with a vibrating column of air

what are examples of aerophones?

brass & wind instruments

what are membranophones?

instruments with a skin or membrane stretched across a frame

what are examples of membranophones?

timpani, bass & snare drum, tambourine

what are idiophones?

instruments in which the body vibrates when struck

what are examples of idiophones?

bells, woodblocks, xylophones, marimba

which membranophone is prominent at the start of “March to the Scaffold” from Symphonie Fantastique

timpani

which idiophone is prominent in part of The Padstow Lifeboat?

cymbals

what was the later added fifth category of instruments?

electrophones

what are electrophones?

instruments that create sound waves using an oscillator and are dependent on electricity

what are the Western musical families?

strings, brass, woodwind, percussion, & keyboards