RNA Synthesis

Promoter

The region where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription.

−35 sequence

A conserved sequence in prokaryotic promoters that aids RNA polymerase recognition and binding.

−10 sequence

Also known as the TATA box or Pribnow box; helps in melting DNA to allow for transcription initiation.

Antisense Strand

The strand used as a template for RNA synthesis.

Polycistronic mRNA

A type of mRNA that can code for multiple proteins.

Monocistronic mRNA

A type of mRNA that codes for a single protein.

Sigma factor (σ)

A protein that guides RNA polymerase to the promoter in prokaryotic transcription.

TATA Box

A DNA sequence located ~25–30 bp upstream of the transcription start site, critical for the binding of transcription machinery.

Nucleosome

A structural unit of chromatin consisting of ~150 bp of DNA wrapped around a histone octamer.

Enhancer

A regulatory element that increases transcription and can function in any orientation or location.

CAAT Box

A proximal upstream element in eukaryotic promoters that regulates the frequency of transcription initiation.

5' to 3' Direction

The direction in which RNA is synthesized during transcription.

CTD (C-terminal domain)

The domain of RNA polymerase II that is essential for transcription initiation and elongation, and serves as a platform for mRNA processing proteins.

Rho factor (ρ)

A protein involved in rho-dependent termination of transcription.

Transcription Start Site (TSS)

The location where transcription begins, indicated by positive numbering for downstream sequences.

Pre-Initiation Complex (PIC)

The complex formed when RNA polymerase binds to the promoter and unwinds DNA.

TFIIH

A general transcription factor with helicase and kinase activity, crucial for transcription initiation.

Spliceosome

A complex made of snRNPs that facilitates splicing of pre-mRNA by removing introns.

Alternative Splicing

A process allowing a single gene to produce multiple protein isoforms, enhancing genetic diversity.

FACT Complex

A protein complex that helps RNA polymerase navigate through nucleosomes during transcription.

Termination Signal

A specific sequence that causes RNA polymerase to stop transcription.

SAGA Complex

A multi-protein complex that activates transcription and recruits factors necessary for RNA processing.