[MP LEC] CNS BACTERIAL DISEASES

Neisseria meningitidis

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Haemophilus influenzae

Listeria monocytogenes

Streptococcus agalactiae

5 bacteria that causes meningitis

• N_____ m_____

• S______ p______

• H______ i_______

• L_______ m_______

• S_______ a_______

Neisseria meningitis

Causative agent for Meningococcal Meningitis

6-24

How many hours is the acute onset for meningococcal meningitis? (_-__ hours)

1-3

Incubation period for meningococcal meningitis (_-_ days)

Meningococcal meningitis

Characterized by a hemorrhagic skin rash with petechiae, non-blanching

Serious infection of meninges that affect brain membrane

Milky

Lumbar puncture for meningococcal meningitis reveals _____ CSF due to large number of bacteria and WBC

Negative

N. meningitidis is a Gram ______ bacteria

Cocci

N. meningitidis is a _________ (shape)

Nonmotile

N. meningitidis is a ________ bacteria (movement)

35-37

Optimum temperature for N. meningitidis to grow (in Celsius) (__-__)

5-10%

Percent carbon dioxide needed for N. meningitidis

Lipoligosaccharide

VF of N. meningitidis that is composed of endotoxin and sugar molecules found in cell wall antigen

5-10%

Mortality rate range for patients after acute onset of 1-2 days (_-__)

10-20%

Percentage of population that carry N. meningitidis at any given time (__-__)

A

B

C

W135

N. meningitidis strains that cause most cases

• _

• _

• _

• W____

Meningococcal Meningitis

Most prevalent case of meningitis and can cause epidemics

Contact

How is N. meningitidis acquired? (Type of transmission)

Blebbing

A process in which bacterium sheds extrusions that release endotoxins

A

B

C

W

X

Y

Six strains of N. meningitidis that can cause epidemics (letters only)

Penicillin

Ampicillin

Chloramphenicol

Rifampin

Treatment drugs for Meningococcal Meningitis

• Pe______

• Am_______

• Chl________

• Rif________

Bivalent

Polysaccharide vaccine for N. meningitis for A, C strains

Trivalent

Polysaccharide vaccine for N. meningitis for A, C, W strains

Tetravalent

Polysaccharide vaccine for N. meningitis for A, C, Y, W strains

NmB

4 protein components vaccine for Group B strain of N. meningitidis

Conjugate

Vaccines against Group C N. meningitidis

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Causative agent for Pneumococcal Meningitis

Pneumococcal Meningitis

Acute onset may follow pneumonia/septicemia in elderly

Hemorrhagic skin rash with petechiae, non-blanching

Positive

S. pneumoniae is a Gram ______ bacteria

Diplococci

S. pneumoniae is a ______ (shape + number)

Phosphorylcholine

Found in the cell wall of S. pneumoniae that trigger endocytosis (phospholipid)

Adhesins

Binds in receptors to cells in lungs, meninges, and vessel walls to endocytose bacteria leading to the combination of the phospholipid and capsule in Pneumococcal Meningitis.

Streptococcus pneumoniae

The leading cause of meningitis in older adults

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Second most common cause of meningitis in children older than 2 years old

Pneumococcal Meningitis

Another prevalent meningitis that grows in mouths

Penicillin

Treatment for S. pneumoniae that prompt treatment of otitis media

PCV13

A vaccine given for children less than 2 years old and people aged 2 years old + with health conditions for Pneumococcal Meningitis

Pneumococcal Conjugate

Other term for PCV13

PPSV23

A vaccine given for older adults (65+), smokers, and children 2+ years old with health conditions

Pneumococcal Polysaccharide

Other term for PPSV23

Haemophilus influenzae

Causative agent for Haemophilus Meningitis

Haemophilus Meningitis

This type of meningitis may penetrate epithelium and capillary endothelium causing bacteremia

May also manifest similar symptoms of other meningitis

Negative

H. influenzae is a Gram _____ bacteria

Coccobacilli

H. influenzae is a _______ (shape)

Obligate Parasite

H. influenzae acts as a _______ _______ which cannot complete life cycle without exploiting host

Hemin

NAD+

H. influenzae requires H_____ and N____ for growth

X

Hemin is also known as Factor _

V

NAD+ is also known as Factor _

B

What type of H. influenzae causes most diseases in respiratory tract of infants and children?

Haemophilus influenzae

Leading cause of bacterial meningitis before vaccine

7

How many capsular antigens/polysaccharides is used to diagnose Haemophilus Meningitis

Listeria monocytogenes

Causative agent for Listeria Meningitis

Listeria Meningitis

Meningitis characterized by fever, neck stiffness, headache, and altered mental status

Positive Brudzinki’s or Kernig’s Sign

Positive

L. monocytogenes is a Gram ______ bacteria

Coccobacillus

L. monocytogenes is a _______ (shape)

Listeriolysin O

It protects L. monocytogenes from phagocytic digestion (L O)

Food

L. monocytogenes can be contacted through contaminated _____

Listeria Meningitis

This type of meningitis can be in-utero and cause birth defects (can even cause diseases in infants)

Listeria Meningitis

This type of meningitis is an important cause of meningitis in immunocompromised patients

Meuller-Hinton agar

L. monocytogenes can grow on ________ agar

Amoxicillin

Ampicillin

Penicillin G

Treatment drugs for Listeria Meningitis

• Amo_____

• Amp______

• Pen_______ __

Streptococcus agalactiae

Causative agent of Streptococcal Meningitis

Streptococcal Meningitis

Characterized by bacteremia and pneumonia.

Stiff neck, seizure, diffuse brain swelling, hearing loss, and ischemic brain damage

Lung infections, otitis media

Positive

Streptococcus agalactiae is a Gram _____ bacteria

Beta

What is the hemolytic pattern of S. agalactiae when cultured in a blood agar plate?

Streptococcus agalactiae

Bacteria which is known to be the leading cause of neonatal infections

False

Streptococcal Meningitis can be acquired through direct contact. (True/False)

Purulent

Upon lumbar puncture of a patient with Streptococcal Meningitis, the CSF appears to be ________.

Polymerase Chain Reaction

One diagnostic procedure for Streptococcal Meningitis is the PCR. What does PCR mean?

Vancomycin + Ceftriaxone

Cefotaxime

Meropenem

Amoxicillin

Treatment drugs for Streptococcal Meningitis:

• Va_____ + Ce_______

• Ce_______

• Me______

• Am_______

Mycobacterium leprae

What is the causative agent of Leprosy

Hansen’s Disease

Other name for Leprosy

Leprosy

It is a chronic granulomatous disease involving skin and peripheral nerves.

Granulomas

This begins within a small area of inflammation, typically benign in Leprosy

Tuberculoid

Patients with strong T-cell immune response may lead to a non-progressive __________ Leprosy

Lepromatous

Patients with a weak T-cell immune response may lead to a progressive and more severe _______ Leprosy

Becoming rare

Positive

M. leprae is a Gram ______ bacteria

High G+C

A characteristic and VF of M. leprae which means that there is more than 50% of guanine and cytosine in DNA.

Mycolic Acid

_______ ________ in the cell wall of M. leprae slows growth rate, resists gram staining, phagocytosis, and detergents.

Respiratory Droplets

Current theory suggests that M. leprae spreads through _______ ________

30

Temperature where M. leprae best grows (in Celsius)

Neuroglia

M. leprae can live inside _______ of peripheral nerve endings, nose, and integumentary system

Mycobacterium leprae

This is the only known bacterial pathogen of the peripheral nervous system

Acid-fast

M. leprae is a/an __________ bacteria (Acid-fast/Non acid-fast)

Loss of sensation

Upon diagnosis of a tuberculoid leprosy, there is a ___ _ _______ in skin lesion

Disfigurement

Upon diagnosis of a lepromatous leprosy, there is _________

2

Treatment for Leprosy needs a minimum of ___ years to lifelong to prevent resistance to single antimicrobial agents.

Rifampin

Clofazimine

Dapsone

Treatment drugs for Leprosy:

• Ri________

• Clo________

• Da________

BCG11

Leprosy can share vaccine with tuberculosis because they share same antigens. What is the other term for a TB vaccine?

Clostridium botulinum

Causative agent for Botulism

Botulism

A rare, life-threatening disorder that occurs when toxins spread hematogenously and interferes irreversibly with the release of a particular neurotransmitter at peripheral nerve endings.

Acetylcholine

What is the neurotransmitter being inhibited in Botulism?

Foodborne

This manifestation of botulism occurs when there is weakness and dizziness 1-2 days following the consumption of the toxin.

Blurred vision, dry mouth, progressive paralysis of skeletal muscles on both sides of the body

Infant

A botulism manifestation resulting from the ingestion of endospores and where bacterium grows in the child’s intestinal tract.

Nonspecific symptoms

Floppy Baby Syndrome

Related to infant botulism, this is also known as muscle weakness with weak cry, poor feeding, loss of head control, and respiratory distress (FBS)

Wound

A botulism manifestation which is a result from a contamination of a wound by endospores with a longer incubation period (4+ days)

Positive

C. botulinum is a Gram _______ bacteria

Bacillus

C. botulinum is a ______ (shape)

Anaerobe

C. botulinum is an ________ (based on oxygen)

Non-motile

C. botulinum is ________ (mobility)

8

How many types of antigenically distinct neurotoxins of C. botulinum