Carbohydrates Mock Examination

A

Which of the following is considered the basic unit of carbohydrates?

a) Monosaccharide

b) Disaccharide

c) Polysaccharide

d) Dimer

A

What is the general formula for carbohydrates?

a) (CH2​O)n

b) (H2​O)n

c) (C6​H12​O6​)

d) (CO2​)n

A

Glucose is also known by what other name?

a) Dextrose

b) Malt Sugar

c) Fruit Sugar

d) Milk Sugar

A

Fructose is commonly found in fruits, honey, and syrups and is also known as:

a) Fruit sugar

b) Blood sugar

c) Malt sugar

d) Galactose

A

Which monosaccharide is a part of lactose and is found in milk?

a) Galactose

b) Fructose

c) Glucose

d) Sucrose

A

Which monosaccharide serves as the primary fuel source for the body?

a) Glucose

b) Fructose

c) Galactose

d) Ribose

A

All disaccharides and polysaccharides contain which monosaccharide?

a) Glucose

b) Galactose

c) Fructose

d) Ribose

A

Fructose and galactose are converted into which monosaccharide in the body?

a) Glucose

b) Ribose

c) Maltose

d) Sucrose

A

What is the term for a single sugar unit?

a) Monosaccharide

b) Disaccharide

c) Polysaccharide

d) Polymer

A

A single sugar molecule is also referred to as a:

a) Monomer

b) Polymer

c) Dimer

d) Carbohydrate

D

A disaccharide is made of how many monosaccharides joined together?

a) One

b) Four

c) Three

d) Two

D

Sucrose, or table sugar, is composed of which two monosaccharides?

a) Glucose + Glucose

b) Glucose + Galactose

c) Fructose + Fructose

d) Glucose + Fructose

D

Lactose, or milk sugar, is composed of which two monosaccharides?

a) Glucose + Glucose

b) Fructose + Galactose

c) Glucose + Fructose

d) Glucose + Galactose

D

Maltose, or malt sugar, is composed of which two monosaccharides?

a) Fructose + Fructose

b) Glucose + Galactose

c) Glucose + Fructose

d) Glucose + Glucose

D

What is the name of the process where two monosaccharides join and "lose" a molecule of water to form a disaccharide?

a) Hydrolysis

b) Metabolism

c) Fermentation

d) Condensation reaction

D

Which of the following is an example of a disaccharide?

a) Glucose

b) Starch

c) Glycogen

d) Sucrose

D

What enzyme is lacking in individuals with lactose intolerance?

a) Sucrase

b) Maltase

c) Amylase

d) Lactase

D

What is the process of breaking down a disaccharide into two monosaccharides with the addition of water?

a) Condensation

b) Digestion

c) Fermentation

d) Hydrolysis

D

Which disaccharide is used in fermentation to make malted beverages like beer and whiskey?

a) Sucrose

b) Lactose

c) Fructose

d) Maltose

D

The bond that forms a disaccharide is called a:

a) Peptide bond

b) Ionic bond

c) Hydrogen bond

d) Glycosidic linkage

A

Polysaccharides are made of:

a) Long chains of monosaccharides

b) Two sugar units

c) One sugar unit

d) Long chains of disaccharides

A

What is the storage form of glucose in animals?

a) Glycogen

b) Starch

c) Cellulose

d) Chitin

A

What is the storage form of glucose in plants?

a) Starch

b) Glycogen

c) Cellulose

d) Lignin

A

Which polysaccharide is a structural component of plant cell walls and is not digested by humans?

a) Cellulose

b) Glycogen

c) Starch

d) Pectin

A

Glycogen is mainly stored in which parts of the body?

a) Liver and muscles

b) Brain and nerves

c) Stomach and intestines

d) Kidneys and heart

A

Which type of fiber does not dissolve in water?

a) Insoluble fiber

b) Soluble fiber

c) Fermentable fiber

d) Viscous fiber

A

Which type of fiber dissolves in water and can help slow digestion and lower cholesterol?

a) Soluble fiber

b) Dietary fiber

c) Insoluble fiber

d) Lignin

A

Insoluble fiber helps to:

a) Add bulk to stool and promote bowel movement

b) Lower blood glucose

c) Slow digestion

d) Lower cholesterol

A

What type of carbohydrate is described as a prebiotic that serves as food for "good" bacteria in the gut?

a) Fiber

b) Simple sugar

c) Glycogen

d) Starch

A

Which of the following is an example of a polysaccharide?

a) Glycogen

b) Sucrose

c) Maltose

d) Glucose

D

Where does the digestion of starch begin?

a) Stomach

b) Small intestine

c) Large intestine

d) Mouth

D

What enzyme in the mouth begins breaking down starch?

a) Pancreatic amylase

b) Sucrase

c) Lactase

d) Salivary amylase

D

What is the primary site for carbohydrate digestion and absorption of monosaccharides?

a) Stomach

b) Large intestine

c) Pancreas

d) Small intestine

D

What happens to fiber in the stomach?

a) It is digested into simple sugars.

b) It is broken down by stomach acid.

c) It is absorbed into the bloodstream.

d) It is not digested and contributes to a feeling of fullness.

D

Disaccharidases, such as lactase and sucrase, break down disaccharides into monosaccharides in which organ?

a) Mouth

b) Stomach

c) Pancreas

d) Small intestine

D

In the small intestine, maltose is broken down into what?

a) Glucose + Fructose

b) Glucose + Galactose

c) Maltose + Water

d) Glucose + Glucose

D

What happens to the final monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose) after digestion?

a) They are stored in the large intestine.

b) They are broken down further in the pancreas.

c) They are excreted from the body.

d) They are absorbed into the capillaries of the intestinal villi.

D

Which organ converts fructose and galactose into glucose?

a) Pancreas

b) Stomach

c) Small intestine

d) Liver

D

What is the role of the pancreas in carbohydrate digestion?

a) It produces salivary amylase.

b) It ferments fiber.

c) It absorbs monosaccharides into the bloodstream.

d) It secretes pancreatic amylase to continue breaking down starch.

D

What happens to fiber in the large intestine?

a) It is digested and absorbed for energy.

b) It is completely destroyed.

c) It is broken down into glucose.

d) It is fermented by gut bacteria.

B

What is the primary use of glucose in the body?

a) To be converted to fat for long-term storage

b) To fuel most of the body's cells for daily activities

c) To be converted into amino acids

d) To be excreted from the body

C

The process of converting amino acids into glucose is called:

a) Glycogenesis

b) Glycolysis

c) Gluconeogenesis

d) Glycogenolysis

C

Which hormone is released by the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high?

a) Glucagon

b) Epinephrine

c) Insulin

d) Amylase

C

What is the function of insulin?

a) To release glucose from the liver into the blood.

b) To stimulate the breakdown of glycogen.

c) To move glucose from the blood into cells for energy or storage.

d) To delay gastric emptying.

B

What is the function of glucagon?

a) To stimulate glucose uptake into cells.

b) To signal the liver to release glucose into the blood when levels are low.

c) To convert excess glucose to fat.

d) To help with digestion in the stomach.

C

What hormone is released during stress or emergency for quick fuel?

a) Insulin

b) Glucagon

c) Epinephrine

d) Amylase

A

What happens to excess glucose in the body?

a) It is converted to fat for long-term energy storage.

b) It is excreted in urine.

c) It is converted to protein.

d) It is broken down and discarded.

A

What is the term for the process of converting amino acids into glucose when needed?

a) Gluconeogenesis

b) Glycogenolysis

c) Glycolysis

d) Glycogenesis

B

What is the main function of glycogen stored in the liver?

a) To provide energy to muscles during exercise.

b) To maintain blood glucose levels.

c) To be converted to fat.

d) To be broken down into amino acids.

C

What is hypoglycemia?

a) Abnormally high blood glucose.

b) Normal blood glucose levels.

c) Abnormally low blood glucose.

d) A form of diabetes.

C

The Glycemic Index (GI) measures how quickly a food raises:

a) Heart rate

b) Blood pressure

c) Blood glucose levels

d) Cholesterol levels

C

Foods with a Low Glycemic Index cause what kind of rise in blood glucose?

a) Rapid spike

b) No change

c) Slow, steady rise

d) A drop in blood glucose

C

Which of the following is an example of a high GI food?

a) Peanuts

b) Cherries

c) White bread

d) Carrots

D

Which of the following is an example of a low GI food?

a) Baked potato

b) Doughnut

c) Watermelon

d) Kidney beans

D

Excessive sugar consumption can contribute to which of the following health problems?

a) Nutrient deficiency

b) Dental caries

c) Obesity

d) All of the above

D

According to the document, diets high in complex carbohydrates may reduce the risk of:

a) Heart disease

b) Diabetes

c) Cancer

d) All of the above

B

Why can consuming too much sugar lead to dental caries (tooth decay)?

a) Sugar binds to tooth enamel, strengthening it.

b) Sugar feeds bacteria in the mouth, which produce acid that damages tooth enamel.

c) Sugar washes away plaque.

d) Sugar hardens tooth enamel.

C

What is the recommended percentage of total daily energy intake from carbohydrates?

a) 10%-25%

b) 25%-45%

c) 45%-65%

d) 65%-85%

C

What is the Adequate Intake (AI) for fiber per 1000 kcal?

a) 5 g

b) 10 g

c) 14 g

d) 25 g

B

What is the recommended daily limit for added sugars, expressed as a percentage of total energy intake?

a) < 5%

b) < 10%

c) < 15%

d) < 25%

B

What is the main characteristic of sugar alcohols?

a) They are calorie-free.

b) They provide some calories, but less than sugar.

c) They are indigestible by humans.

d) They are thousands of times sweeter than sugar.

C

What is a potential side effect of consuming too many sugar alcohols?

a) Weight gain

b) High blood pressure

c) Gas and diarrhea

d) Tooth decay

D

Which of the following is an example of a sugar alcohol?

a) Aspartame

b) Sucralose

c) Saccharin

d) Xylitol

D

Artificial sweeteners are also known as:

a) Sugar alcohols

b) Polyols

c) Nutritive sweeteners

d) Non-nutritive sweeteners

C

What is the main characteristic of artificial sweeteners?

a) They contain significant calories.

b) They are less sweet than sugar.

c) They are calorie-free.

d) They cause a rapid spike in blood glucose.

C

Aspartame must be avoided by people with what medical condition?

a) Type 1 diabetes

b) Obesity

c) Phenylketonuria (PKU)

d) Lactose intolerance

A

What is the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI)?

a) The maximum amount of a substance considered safe to consume daily over a lifetime.

b) The total amount of calories from a food.

c) The amount of a sweetener needed to cause a health risk.

d) The amount of a substance that can be consumed in a single serving.

C

Which artificial sweetener is extremely sweet, at 8,000 times sweeter than sugar?

a) Sucralose

b) Acesulfame-K

c) Neotame

d) Saccharin

C

Products with less than 0.5g of sugar per serving can be labeled as:

a) Low-sugar

b) Reduced-calorie

c) Sugar-free

d) Light

C

To be labeled as "reduced-calorie," a product must have at least how many fewer calories compared to the reference product?

a) 5%

b) 10%

c) 25%

d) 50%

C

What is the common name for "fruit sugar"?

a) Galactose

b) Glucose

c) Fructose

d) Ribose

A

What is the common name for "milk sugar"?

a) Lactose

b) Maltose

c) Sucrose

d) Glucose

B

What is the common name for "table sugar"?

a) Maltose

b) Sucrose

c) Lactose

d) Fructose

C

What is the common name for "malt sugar"?

a) Lactose

b) Sucrose

c) Maltose

d) Fructose

C

What are the two types of simple carbohydrates?

a) Monosaccharides and polysaccharides

b) Disaccharides and polysaccharides

c) Monosaccharides and disaccharides

d) Starch and glycogen

C

What is the term for a long chain of monosaccharides?

a) Monomer

b) Dimer

c) Polymer

d) Disaccharide

C

Carbohydrates are organic compounds made of which elements?

a) Carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

b) Carbon, oxygen, and phosphorus

c) Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

d) Carbon, oxygen, and sulfur

C

What does fiber do to aid digestion and bowel movement?

a) It is absorbed to provide energy.

b) It is broken down into simple sugars.

c) It is not digested but adds bulk to stool.

d) It speeds up the transit of food through the upper GI tract.

D

The breakdown of disaccharides into monosaccharides on the surface of the intestinal lining is done by what kind of enzymes?

a) Amylases

b) Proteases

c) Lipases

d) Disaccharidases

B

What is the process that splits a disaccharide into two monosaccharides with the addition of water?

a) Condensation

b) Hydrolysis

c) Polymerization

d) Fermentation

B

Which type of fiber helps to slow digestion and can lower cholesterol and maintain blood sugar?

a) Insoluble fiber

b) Soluble fiber

c) Dietary fiber

d) Viscous fiber

C

What is the term for sugar that is extracted and added to foods as an ingredient?

a) Natural sugars

b) Intrinsic sugars

c) Added sugars

d) Simple sugars

C

What is the process of breaking down a sugar into smaller sugars using water?

a) Condensation

b) Glycolysis

c) Hydrolysis

d) Metabolism

B

What is the term for the process where two sugars join together and release water?

a) Hydrolysis

b) Condensation

c) Digestion

d) Fermentation

B

Which of the following is not a monosaccharide?

a) Glucose

b) Maltose

c) Fructose

d) Galactose

B

What is the name of the vein that monosaccharides travel through to the liver after absorption?

a) Jugular vein

b) Portal vein

c) Femoral vein

d) Subclavian vein

B

Which hormone maintains blood glucose homeostasis by signaling the liver to release glucose when levels are low?

a) Insulin

b) Glucagon

c) Epinephrine

d) Amylase

B

According to the document, why might excessive sugar consumption be linked to behavioral problems?

a) It provides quick energy.

b) It stimulates serotonin release, leading to cravings.

c) It is not linked to behavioral problems.

d) It slows down brain function.

C

What is a key function of soluble fiber?

a) Increasing fecal weight

b) Speeding up fecal passage

c) Lowering blood cholesterol

d) Reducing constipation

C

What is the main function of insoluble fiber?

a) Lowering blood cholesterol

b) Slowing glucose absorption

c) Improving GI motility and adding bulk to stool

d) Holding moisture in stools

B

What is the recommended dietary reference intake (RDA) for carbohydrates?

a) 50 g/day

b) 130 g/day

c) 25 g/day

d) 300 g/day

C

What is a common example of an artificial sweetener?

a) Xylitol

b) Sorbitol

c) Sucralose

d) Mannitol

A

A food label warning for products with aspartame is required due to the presence of:

a) Phenylalanine

b) Fructose

c) Galactose

d) Sucralose

B

What is the term for a food that provides energy but lacks essential nutrients?

a) Complex carbohydrate

b) Empty calorie

c) Nutrient-dense food

d) Dietary fiber

B

What is the process of converting excess glucose into fat for long-term storage?

a) Gluconeogenesis

b) Lipogenesis

c) Glycogenolysis

d) Glycolysis

B

What is the term for the process where bacterial enzymes digest fiber in the large intestine to produce fatty acids?

a) Hydrolysis

b) Fermentation

c) Digestion

d) Condensation

C

What type of carbohydrate is described as a "polymer"?

a) Monosaccharide

b) Disaccharide

c) Polysaccharide

d) Fiber

C

The disaccharidases on the intestinal lining hydrolyze lactose into:

a) Glucose + Fructose

b) Glucose + Glucose

c) Glucose + Galactose

d) Fructose + Galactose

C

Which of the following is not a simple carbohydrate?

a) Monosaccharide

b) Disaccharide

c) Polysaccharide

d) Maltose

C

What happens to blood glucose levels after a person eats?

a) They decline.

b) They stay the same.

c) They rise.

d) They fluctuate randomly.