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Rheumatoid Arthritis
Autoimmune systemic Arthritis affecting small joints
Pathophysiology
Autoantibodies (RF, Anti-CCP) attack the synovium → Pannus formation → joint erosion and deformity
Signs and Symptoms
Morning stiffness (.30 to 60 mins)
Symmetrical Joint involvement
swelling, warmth, fatigue
Rheumatoid nodules
Risk Factors
Female (30 -50 years old)
Family history
Smoking
HLA - DR4 Gene ( human leukocyte antigen )
Diagnostics
Rheumatoid Factor , Anti-CCP - Positive in RA
ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) and CRP (C-reactive protein) - Markers of inflammation
X-ray - Shows erosions, narrowed joint space
ANA (antinuclear antibody) - May be positive
Nursing Management
Rest During Flares
Warm compress for stiffness
Joint protection (splints)
Range of Motion in remission
Energy conservation techniques
Pharmacologic Treatment
Methotrexate (DMARD) - First-line to slow disease progression.
NSAIDs - For pain and inflammation relief.
Corticosteroids - For flares
Biologics - Target immune pathways (TNF - a inhibition)