HIST 1010 - Morris Bian Final Exam

Qin Dynasty

set in motion the trend toward administrative centralization by creating the first bureaucratic empire in Chinese history (warring states period)

Han Dynasty

China's primary political tradition took shape during this dynasty

Han Dynasty

Administrative Centralization continued under this dynasty

Xiongnu

a confederation of nomadic peoples who inhabited the eastern Asian Steppe that frequently mounted raids into Chinese villages and trading areas

Characteristic of Ancient India

1. lack of centralized empires and the dominance by regional kingdoms

2. the development of a well-defined but inflexible social structure known as caste system

Ascetic

a person who renounces material comforts and leads a life of austere self-discipline, especially as an act of religious devotion

Enlightenment

a blessed state in which the individual transcends desire and sufferings and attains Nirvana which was the ultimate goal/condition

Mahayana Buddhism

emphasized the importance of faith and personal devotion and the universal opportunity for salvation.

Dream of Emperor Ming

- first known incidence regarding the introduction of Buddhism in China recorded in historical documents

Buddha appeared to the emperor in a dream and that the very next day he ordered some his officials to travel west in an attempt to find what had caused his vision. The officials west traveled along the Silk Road and eventually came upon two Buddhist monks with two white horses. The monks carried with them a picture of Buddha and their horses were loaded with holy Buddhist scriptures. The Chinese officials invited the monks to return with them to China's capital, Chang'an, to introduce Buddhism to the emperor.

Liang Wudi

was the founding emperor of the Liang Dynasty of Chinese history

Grand Canal

The Sui Dynasty brought about the reunification of China and built this

Traditional Chinese Civilization

1. absolute monarchy

2. centralized bureaucratic system of government

3. governing elite consisting of shidafu (scholar-officials)

4. civil service examination system

5. dominance of neo-confucianism

Civil Service Examination System

A system of official examination and recruitment. the civil service examinations served as a basic mechanism for selecting and recruiting officials until 1905

Xiucai

Prefectural exams in the Civil Service Examination System

- qualifying exams (received talent) B.A.

Country Magistrate

Entry level position for Jinshi

Neo-Confucianism

offered a radically new cosmological framework for traditional Confucian ideas by developing concepts such as Li (principle) and Qi (material force), concepts were derived from Buddhism and Daoism

Qi

- within the universe: material force

- within human society: organization of human society, human relations, and Confucian classics

Zhu Xi and Thomas Aquinas

demonstrates that both christian and confucian scholars responded to challenge by incorporating and appropriating concepts/ideas/approaches from other schools of thought/belief systems/religions

Great Wall of China

____ was a Ming dynasty project and designed to prevent northern invasion by the Mongols and other nomadic peoples

Jesuits

- Society of Jesus

- teaches Protestantism

Manchuria

is a modern name given to a large geographic region in Northeast Asia.

Shihuangdi

first emperor of (china) Qin Dynasty

Han Wudi

set up Five Professors of the Five Classics at the imperial court and shortly afterwards assigned fifty students to study with them, thus creating a de facto Imperial Academy

Confucianization

the process by which Confucianism became an officially recognized imperial ideology/religion as well as the core curriculum of education

Siddhartha Guantama

- one of the ethical and moral thinkers who lived in ancient India; "one whose aim is accomplished"

- simply the Buddha, after the title of Buddha, was an ascetic and sage, on whose teachings Buddhism was founded

-born in what is today Nepal

Great Renunciation

to give up the princely life and become a wondering ascetic

- For 6 years Siddhartha practiced various severe austerities and extreme self-mortifications (disciplines of the body, appetites by self denial)

-It is a mind that functions to stop attachment to worldly pleasures and that seeks liberation from contaminated rebirth.

Nirvana

- a blissful spiritual condition where the heart extinguishes passion, hatred, and delusion. It is the highest spiritual plane a person can attain

- The ultimate goal or condition, beyond existence and without form or definition.

-liberation from passion, suffering, and rebirth; an over coming of the wheel of birth and death

Bodhisattva

enlightened beings destined to attain Nirvana but decided out of compassion to delay the final act to help others achieve salvation

Period of Disunion

- a new system of recommendation the so-called nine rank system replaced examinations as the basis for office holding

-Invasion of Han Capital Luoyang

-Buddhism became China's Dominant religion during this period of political fragmentation

Sinicization

to make Chinese in character or to change by Chinese influence

Tang Dynasty

Which dynasty had an evolution of state policy toward Buddhism

- the Imperial Court continued to patronize Buddhist Establishments and Build Buddhist temple

Song Dynasty

which dynasty resulted from a mutiny at Chen Bridge in 960?

Song Taizu

expanded an existing civil service examination system which the Sui dynasty had established in 581

Juren

second level exams, "elevated man" (M.A.)

Shidafu

- scholar officials who achieved elite states because of their success in the competitive examinations created by the examination system

- a new governing elite

Zhu Xi

a Song dynasty Confucian scholar who was the leading figure of the School of Principle and the most influential rationalist Neo-Confucian in China

"Investigation of Things"

- the basis of true knowledge

- mechanism/method for comprehending/understanding universal principle

Ming Taizu

founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty

Zheng He

Chinese admiral during the Ming Dynasty

Matteo Ricci

- immersed himself in the study of Chinese language and Confucian classics after he arrived in China in 1582

- wanted to convert china to christianity

- reported on the thoughts of Confucius and prospers.

Qing Dyansty

last imperial dynasty of china

Terracotta Army

demonstrated the successful outcome and the high degree of administrative centralization during the Qin Dynasty

Administrative Centralization

China's primary political tradition

The Five Classics

ancient Chinese books associated with Confucius. Compiled during the Han Dynasty and invoked as authorities on Chinese society. Government, literature, and religion. They were taught from 136 BC to 1905 CE

Brahmins

priests that offered ritual sacrifices (in india)

Four Noble Truths

1. Life is suffering

2. Suffering is caused by desire

3. the way to end suffering is to end desire

4. the way to end desire is to avoid two extremes (and follow the "middle path")

- the extreme of a life of vulgar materialism

- the extreme of a life of self-torture and self-mortification

Theravada

traditional form of Buddhism and closer to teachings of historical buddha

Silk Road

- network of interlinking trade routes across the Eurasian landmass that connected both ends of Eurasia (East, South, and West Asia with the Mediterranean and the European world)

- The land routes were supplemented by sea routs which extended from the Red sea to east Africa, India, China, and Southeast Asia.

Appeal of Buddhism

hoped to attract the allegiance of the Buddhist population and legitimize their rule

Sui Dynasty

brought about the reunification of China and administrative recentralization

Persecution of Buddhism

Reason1: As the tang dynasty began to decline the large land holdings of Buddhist monasteries were seen as a fiscal threat to the state for they removed the land and people from tax and registers (fall of tang dynasty & not trusting monasteries)

Reason 2: During the late Tang Dynasty the once discredited Confucianism had begun to experience revival and Confucian scholars started to attack Buddhism as a foreign religion (Confucianism makes comeback)

Significance:

-crippling blow to Buddhism.

-paved the way for china's ideological and religious re-centralization (841-845)

Mutiny at Chen Bridge

- Song and Tang meet to fight, many Tang switch sides and join Song

- The Song Dynasty resulted from this conflict

Nine-Rank System

- a member of the local aristocracy classified candidates for office according to family background, character, and ability

- replaced examinations as the basis for office holding

Jinshi

third level Metropolitan exams; "presented scholar" (Ph.D)

Mandarin

- Chinese scholar officials of the west

- bureaucrat scholar in the government of imperial China

Li

Within the universe: universal principle

Within human society: moral principle and potentially good human nature

Four Books

ancient Confucian texts with Zhu Xi's interpretive commentaries. The texts were used as official subject matter for civil service examinations in China from 1313 to 1905 and serve to introduce Chinese students to confucian literature

Ming Dynasty

initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.

Seven Voyages of Zheng He

-not voyages of exploration in the Columbian sense.

-political and diplomatic in nature

-not commercial or colonizing ventures.

-demonstrated China's potential to develop maritime trade and become a maritime power.

-represented a deviation/aberration from the established pattern of a fundamentally agricultural civilization.

-failed to realize the potential for China to lead geographical exploration and the creation of commercial and trading empires.

Manchus

- established the Qing dynasty in 1636

-completed their conquest of china

- rulers accepted Confucianism as the state religion and ideology

- Cultural and Institutional assimilation

Tribute System

was the network of trade and foreign relations between China and its tributaries that helped to shape much of East Asian affairs.

enlightenment

What is a blessed state in which the individual transcend desire suffering and attains the ultimate goal beyond existence and form?

Qin Shihuangdi

who was the first emperor of china

Qin

Which Chinese dynasty put the trend in motion of administrative centralization?

siddhartha

What is the word for "one whose aim is accomplished"?

old texts of legalism

What was found in Xian China?

Han Wudi

Who defeated a nomadic confederation in china?

Defense, censor, chief minister

ministers implemented by Han Wudi

han dynasty

Under which dynasty did confucianism replace legalism as the state of ideology?

ascetic

Who is the person who renounces material comforts and leads a life of austere self-discipline, especially as an act of religious devotion?

Qi

Which of the following refers to the material force of the universe?

Jinshi

Which of the examination structures is close to a PhD

Song dynasty

expanded the CSES

Tang Dynasty

Under what Dynasty did the buddha become fat?

Daoism, Buddhism, Confucianism

Neo- Confucianism was a combination of the concepts of all the following schools of thought

Theravada

Which of the following is the traditional form of Buddhism and closer tot he teachings of the historical Buddha and emphasizes the importance of monastic life

ancient india

What ancient civilization was characterized by the lack of centralized empires, the dominance by regional kingdoms, and development of a well defined but inflexible social structure known as caste system

buddhism

What became China's dominant religion during the period of political fragmentation

Tang Dynasty

Under which dynasty did the state policy towards Buddhism change and they start to experience persecution?

Han Wudi

Who was a Martial emperor known for administrative centralization and driving out Xiongnu?

Which of the following correctly describes Zheng He's 7 voyages?

all of the above

Liang Wudi

Who was an erratic Buddhist emperor who would on occasion fake being held hostage to raise

Zhu Xi

- Born in southern china in Fuijian

- came up with Qi and LI

- got Jinshi at 18

Song Dynasty

All the defining characteristics of the traditional Chinese civilization their final form during the (-----) dynasty?

Sui

Which Dynasty brought about administrative re-centralized and a Grand canal from Beijing to Hangzhou?

persecution of Buddhism

- Fall of Tang Dynasty

- Monasteries being seen as fiscal threat

- Discredited by confucian scholars

Brahmins

Who are specialized priests and teachers, the highest level of the caste system?

Sinicization

What is to make Chinese in character or to change or modify by chinese influence?

dream of emperor ming

- First incidence regarding introduction of Buddhism in China's records

- Saw a flying gold diety

- Sought out the interpretations of a sage

Phases in the introduction of Buddhism

- Phase 1: Translating and Absorbing Buddhist scriptures-Phase 2: Mass conversion among the general population

Mahayana Buddhism

Buddha was made a supernatural god. There were also innumerable other deities called Bodhisattvas.

Liang Wudi

acquired titles that suggest the fusion of both Confucian and Buddhist Political Sanctions: Emperor Bodhisattva; Bodhisattva son of heaven

Liang Wudi

demonstrates the strong appeal of Buddhism to native Chinese rulers

Song

all the defining characteristics of the traditional Chinese civilization took their final form during the ____ Dynasty

Civil Service

refers to china's traditional administrative bureaucracy

civil service examinations

members of the civil service were selected by

Sui originated (Han developed)

In what dynasty did the Civil service examination system originate

Song

____ Confucianism strengthened itself by incorporating -Classical Confucianism -> Neo-Confucianism

Thomas Aquinas

commentaries on the Old Testament and New Testament became required reading for all Christians

Zhu Xi

commentaries on Confucian classics (The Four Books) became required reading for civil service examination candidates after 1313