Stuarts 1660-1664

who was George Monck?

instrumental in enabling CII's return in 1660

Monck and return of long parl

Monck enters Jan 60 despite Rump already being restored

ignores order by Rump to improve its position by restoring order to London , moves troops to London and reverses Pride's Purge

Feb 60 - MPs removed in 48 to return on condition they dissolve parl asap, restore national church

16 March - Long parl dissolves itself, called for free elections in conv parl

Convention parliament

met Apr 60 - many royalists and presbyterians, excluded most republicans and commonwealthsmen

issues to consider: conditions for CII restoration

Declaration of Breda April 1660

secret negotiations b/n Monck and CII/Edward Hyde -> Declaration of Breda

CII was promised: cooperation w political nation, Act of Indemnity and Oblivion, arrears to army and religious toleration to continue under restored monarchy

what was the problem with the Declaration of Breda?

CII restored unconditionally 25 May

claimed it was 12th year of his reign -> divine right

even though may have been willing to cooperate, CII saw himself monarch by will of God not parl

what was the Restoration Settlement?

As CII restored unconditionally, details of settlement sorted after his return -> shaped out of desire for revenge not reconciliation, so unsuccessful long term

what were Convention Parliament's aims for reconciliation?

protect powers of parl, aim for broad CoE

how did Conv Parl want to protect powers of parl?

set limits on royal prerogative, retained Triennial Act 1641, parl control of militia, abolition of Prerogative Courts

how did Convention parl want to aim for broad Church of England?

restored Ang church + bishops, desire for reconciliation - offer of bishopric to Presb -> showed desire for reconcilation and a broad, flexible national church

when was Convention parl dissolved?

December 1660

Charles' government

1661 - doubled sized of Privy Council to 120 to accommodate different faction

unwieldy so relied on unofficial inner group led by Edward Hyde (Earl of Clarendon from 1661)

Cavalier parliament aims for settlement 1661

aimed for revenge not reconciliation

weaken restrictions on king's power

Cavalier parliament

anti-tolerant reactionary parliament due to 5th Mon uprising led by Thomas Fenner 1661 -> anti-radical Cavalier parl elected

Clarendon Code 1661-1665

Established by Royalists in parliament, excluded Roman Catholics, presbyterians, and independents from official religions + throne(response to declaration of indulgence)

what were the 4 acts in the Clarendon Code?

Corporation Act Nov 1661

Act of Uniformity 1662

Conventicle Act 1664

Five Mile Act 1665

Corporation Act Nov 1661

aims to remove dissenting laity from municipal office

Act of Uniformity 1662

strict requirements to Anglican clergy - all ministers to swear loyalty to Anglicanism

restored Laudian church - imposed episcopal control

CII initially introduced Decl of Ind, suspending Act of Uniformity but forced to withdraw 1663

BUT Puritans didn't accept these terms as wanted to stay broad National church

Conventicle Act 1663

Aims to ban non-conformist gatherings, punish meetings of more than 5 people -> Sheldon keen on this

expired in 1668, renewed on Sheldon's orders 1670

Five Mile Act 1665

isolate non-conformist preachers - ministers couldn't serve 5 miles from where they'd been ejected

New clergy 1660

Sheldon appointed Ab of Cant 1663

where Anglican ministers had been in favour in favour of Puritan ones 1640s, immediate reversal took place

Bishops appointed 1660

Quaker Act 1662

unofficially act in Clarendon Code, subjected Quakers to severe penalties by authorising magistrates to arrest them, making them take Oath of Allegiance (Quakers can't take oaths)

what was the result of the Quaker Act 1662?

many imprisoned without charge, 61-64 Quaker leaders removed e.g. Fox imprisoned 64

Quakers in dissaray, numbers fell to 35,000

Savoy Meeting 1661

by Conv Parl, included presb royalists, High Church Party who wanted restoration of Laudian system

-both want flexible regime of toleration

-met Apr 61, impact of Venner's rising and Cav parl election strengthened HC party position, ended May w no agreements -> failure

Militia Act 1661

giving King alone control of army - by Cavalier parl

Licensing act 1662

Re-introduced censorship of the press by Cavalier parl

revised Triennial Act 1664

provided for no mechanism to enforce calling of parl every 3 years

Charles marries Catherine of Braganza

May 1662, Portuguese Catholic princess

Hearth Tax

1662 - added 1/3 expected revenue of $250,000, many MPs pleased as retained financial control of king, but short term parl subsidies provided

position of presbyterians in 1660

taken advantage of opportunity to work in church

also set up voluntary organisations eg regional associations of ministers

position of independents (non-conformist) in 1660

aka Congregationalists used freedom of 50s to set up national orgs and specific Confessions of Faith to apply to all members to survive restoration

position of extreme radical sects in 1660

still strong despite declining numbers - Nayler case showed ongoing anger at Quakers

What was the role of Presbyterians in the Restoration?

They played up fear of radicals and wanted a strong uniform national church.

Which two Presbyterian ministers liaised with Fairfax and Monck to seize York?

Shaw and Bowles

What was the outcome of the 1200 deserters leaving Lambert's regiment?

They backed Presbyterian Fairfax instead.

to what extent was the Restoration Settlement 1660-64 only a short term solution to problems of government and religion?

key points: go up to 1688!

religion

conflict b/n monarch and parliament

financial settlement

improvement to Catholic position under Restoration

CII provides Catholics in England and Scotland w some safety, some religious freedom as other targets

varying persecution levels of both Catholics and dissenters

Financial reforms - Convention parl

promised regular income to CII of £1.2m p.a. to cover ordinary expenditure

abolished Feudal Tenures, so ended CII's right to feudal taxes

stated use of Ship Money or Forced Loans by CII unacceptable

did not resolve need for missing income before dissolving Dec 1660

Financial reforms - Cavalier parl

added income as saw king needed more

Hearth Tax 1661 - struggled to raise money

many MPs pleased as retained financial control over king

Restoration in Scotland

May 60 CII proclaimed King – v popular as ends Cromwellian union, liberating Scotland from Eng rule

-Scot parl restores royal full prerogative

Act of Rescissory, restored James VI's use of bishops

what was the Act of Rescissory 1661?

revoked all legislation since 1633, SO revokes CI's hated religious innovations 33-37, Covenanters reforms 38-41

how did CII restore James VI's use of bishops?

¼ ministers removed, Lauderdale became CII's commissioner in Scotland 1669

Restoration in Ireland

May 60 CI proclaimed King of Ireland

however Cromwellian land settlement kept

only one Catholic in Irish parl 1661

1662 passed anti-Catholic Act of Settlement – little help to Catholics – 850,000 acres passed back from Prot to Caths – but Caths have 22% land total

After 1660 English apathy towards Irish; Restoration confirmed basic problem of Irish society – Prot colonial elite rule