AN S 319 Iowa State- Exam 1

Nutrition

The sum of the processes by which an animal utilizes nutrients

Macro

Nutrients needed in larger amounts

Micro

nutrients needed in smaller amounts

Essential

Body can't produce this nutrient and the diet must provide it

Name a essential nutrient

Carbohydrates, proteins, fat, water

Non-essential

The body can produce this nutrient and it doesn't need to be supplied by the diet

Name a non-essential nutrient

fiber, cholesterol

Ingestion

eating

Digestion

breakdown of nutrients for body to absorb

Absorption

taking up of nutrients

Elimination

undigested food is made into droppings and expelled out the anus

Name the 2 types of animal feeds

forages and concentrates

Name a forage

pasture, hay, silage, haylage

What are the 2 components of forages

moisture and dry matter

Name a concentrate

grains and seeds, cracked corn

Which type of animal feed has more nutrients and protein?

Concentrates

Which type of animal feed has more fiber and water?

forages

Dry matter is composed of what 2 components?

organic matter and ash

The cell wall is composed of...

(organic material) fiber: hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin

the contents of the cell are composed of...

Organic material: starch, protein, sugars, fibers

NDF is composed of...

hemicellulose and ADF

When ADF increases, digestibility (increases or decreases)

decreases

Crude protein is composed of...

Non-protein nitrogen, True protein

Digestive tract

organs where digestion takes place

Accessory organs

organs that aid in digestion

lumen

open spaces

Name the 4 layers of tissue

Mucosa, submucosa muscularis, serosa

Name the 3 layers of Mucosa

Epithelium, Lamina propia, muscularis mucosae

Name the 2 types of epithelium

Stratified, squamous

Alimentary canal

(synonymous with digestive tract) organs where digestion takes place

Digestive system

The tract and accessory organs in digestion

Gastro intestinal tract

stomach to anus

Name the 3 parts of the GI tract

Foregut (stomach), midgut (small Intestine), hindgut (Large intestine)

What is the composition of the mouth

Stratified squamous epithelium

Name 5 functions of the mouth

Prehension: getting food into the mouth, Mastication: physical digestion, Chemical digestion, taste, lubrication

Adaptations of teeth in carnivores

large canine teeth

Adaptations of teeth in herbivores

large flat molars and premolars

Adaptations of teeth in edentates

relatively toothless

Adaptations of teeth in non-ruminant herbivores

incisors on both upper and lower jaw, teeth move in circular direction

Adaptations of teeth in ruminants

no upper incisors (dental pad), teeth move side to side

Adaptations of jaw muscle in carnivores

Larger temporalis muscle

Adaptations of jaw muscle in herbivores

Larger masseter muscle

Name the muscle used in lateral movement for grinding of food?

Lateral Pterygoid

Name 4 paired salivary glands found in both monogastrics and ruminants

Parotoid, sublingual, submandibular, submaxillary

Name the singular salivary gland found in carnivores

zygomatic

name the structure on the tongue that aids in grasping plants

papillae

name the 2 parts that make up salivary glands

acini and ducts

Name 2 types of secretory cells in salivary glands

serous (digestive enzymes) and mucous

What is the composition of the esophagus

Stratified squamous epithelium

Name of the part of the stomach that doesn't allow food back into the esophagus unless backward pressure is applied

cardiac sphincter

What is the composition of the monogastric stomach?

Simple columnar epithelium

Name the 4 functions of the monogastric stomach

mix food, chemical (enzymatic) breakdown of food, Kills bacteria (HCl), hormones (gastrin, somatostatin)

Name the 3 regions and functions of the monogastric stomach

Cardia: produces goblet cells, fundus: produces parietal cells and chief cells, pylorus: produces goblet cells and secretes gastrin hormone

Name the 5 secretory cells located in the gastric pits of the monogastric stomach and what they produce

Goblet: mucous, Parietal: gastric acid (HCl), Chief: Pepsinogen, D-cells: somatostatin, G-cells: gastrin

Microbes ferment [ ] to produce [ ]

glucose, ATP

What is produced as energy by microbial fermentation

VFA

Name 4 products produced by microbial fermentation

Gases (CO2, CH4), ATP, heat, VFA's

What is the composition of the rumen, reticulum and omasum

Stratified squamous epithelium

What is the feature in the rumen and reticulum that increases absorption?

papillae

What are the parallel muscular sheets on the omasum that filter large particles back to the rumen?

laminae

What is the composition of the abomasum

single columnar epithelium

Name the 3 phases of gastric secretions

Cephalic phase, gastric phase, intestinal phase

What is the composition of the small intestine

simple columnar epithelium

what are found in the villi in the mucosa

Crypts

Name 4 cells found in the crypt in the small intestine

Absorptive (enterocytes), goblet, endocrine, paneth

what is another name for the surface of microvilli on enterocysts

brush border

Name 2 components on the surface of enterocysts

brush border enzymes, nutrient transporters

Name 4 secretions the small intestine receives from itself

brush border enzyme, mucous, hormone, antimicrobial substances (paneth cells)

Name 2 secretions the small intestines receives from outside the small intestine

pancreatic juices and bile

Why do rumens have less pancreatic juices?

because the rumen already absorbs most of the acidity

Name 2 functions of bile

neutralize acidic chyme, bile salts emulsify (break up) fats. (Bile does not contain enzymes)

Name 2 hormones associated with bile and their functions

secretin: production of bile in liver, CCK: contraction of gallbladder to release bile