Unit 9.5: Extended Civil Rights

Rosie the Riveter

A cultural icon representing women who worked in factories and shipyards during World War II, symbolizing women's economic power and contributions.

National Organization of Women (NOW)

Organization established by Betty Friedan to combat discrimination against women

Betty Friedan

An American feminist who wrote the influential book The Feminist Mystique in 1963 and co-founded the National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1966

Feminism

Theory that women and men should have political, social, and economic equality

Women’s Liberation Movement

A social movement in the 1960s and 1970s aimed at achieving equal rights and opportunities for women, focusing on issues such as workplace equality, reproductive rights, and sexual liberation.

1968 Miss America Pageant

The 1968 Miss America Pageant was notable for a protest organized by feminists, highlighting issues of women's representation and objectification, marking a significant moment in the Women's Liberation Movement.

Gloria Steinem

Is an American feminist, political activist and writer-editor who played an influential role in the Women’s movement. In 2013, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

Phyllis Schlafly

An American writer and political activist, and was a well-known and outspoken defender of the traditional family. She was most famous for opposing the Equal Rights Amendment

Equal Rights Amendment

• Originally passed in Congress in 1972, after which many states adopted it. Ohio ratified in 1974

• amendment had a traditional 7-year deadline for ratification, later extended to 10 years but fell 3 states short

• a majority of Americans supported ratification but it fell short

• the ERA failed and the supporters went to work trying to get women elected into state legislatures

Title IX

A federal law enacted in 1972 that prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in any federally funded education program or activity, ensuring equal opportunities for women in school sports and education.

Girls Athletic Association

• The intramural group of sports for female students

• Competitors were not allowed to earn state championships

• Fewer sports available for women

Bracero Program

A series of agreements between the United States and Mexico that allowed temporary laborers from Mexico to work in agriculture and other sectors in the U.S. from 1942 to 1964, addressing labor shortages during and after World War II.

United Farm Workers

Labor union of farm workers that used nonviolent tactics, including a workers strike and consumer boycott of table grapes

Cesar Chavez

Spent his childhood toiling, like his parents, as a migrant farm worker. As an adult, he established the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) in 1962.Chavez led several high-profile non-violent protests that generally ended with better conditions for workers.

Dolores Huerta

Grew up in California and became an elementary teacher. After seeing the poverty of her students, many of whom were children of farm workers she got involved in advocacy work for the workers and their families. In 1962 with Cesar Chaves, Huerta cofounded the United Farm Workers (UFW). While Chavez became the face of the UFW, Huerta used her organizational and negotiating skills to help the UFW succeed on behalf of it’s members.

Migrant Farmworker

Person who travels from farm to farm to pick fruits and vegetables

American Indian Movement

• Formed in 1968 by Dennis Banks and Russell Means, this organization focused on improving conditions on reservations, protecting treaties previously signed, and helping Native Americans to get improved educational and employment opportunities

Alcatraz Takeover

• 19 month occupation ended as the occupants left and had worsening conditions, no power or freshwater. Federal Agents came onto the island and removed them

• Created pan-Indian unity and is credited with promoting Indian self determination and returning Blue Lake to the Taos tribe

• Launched many other protest actions like the Wounded Knee Takeover and the Longest Walk

Wounded Knee Takeover

A 1973 standoff located at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, where members of the American Indian Movement (AIM) and native activists occupied the town to protest against the U.S. government's treatment of Native Americans. • 200 AIM members took over village, proclaimed their independence, and refused to leave until US Government investigated conditions of reservations

• During the 71 day occupation, 2 AIM members died in gunfight with Federal Government

• Made AIM look militant/violent and also brought attention to their conditions

Stonewall Riots

A series of spontaneous demonstrations by members of the LGBTQ+ community in response to a police raid at the Stonewall Inn in New York City in June 1969, marking a significant turning point in the fight for LGBTQ+ rights.