enlightenment and revolutions

lavalle

civilizaton

A complex society with cities, government, social classes, and organized culture.

Republic

A form of government where citizens elect representatives.

Judaism

The first major monotheistic religion; based on the Hebrew Bible.

christianity

Monotheistic religion based on the teachings of Jesus.

confusionism

Chinese philosophy promoting order, respect, and moral leadership.

Roman Empire

Period of Roman rule by emperors, known for expansion and stability (Pax Romana).

roman republic

Early Roman government with elected officials and separation of powers.

han dynasty

Chinese dynasty known for bureaucracy, Silk Road trade, and Confucian government.

Maryuan and gupta empires

Classical Indian empires; Mauryan = centralized; Gupta = golden age of culture.

Ashoka

Mauryan emperor who spread Buddhism and promoted tolerance.

glorious revolution

Bloodless overthrow of King James II; established limited monarchy in England.

english bill of rights

Limited monarch’s power; protected individual rights.

common sense

Pamphlet by Thomas Paine encouraging independence.

great comprimise

Created a two-house U.S. Congress (House + Senate).

estates general

French assembly with three estates (clergy, nobles, commoners).

reign of terror

Radical phase of French Revolution; mass executions.

haitian revolution

Slave revolt leading to Haiti’s independence.