Bio 3 Exam 2 Study Guide

This is like most of the questions I could answer :')

Evolution unites all living things

All living things have evolved and are evolving

Lamarck’s theory of evolution

traits is acquired through need/ giraffes stretch their necks to reach branches

Darwin’s theory of evolution

natural selection / giraffe with longer necks survive

Who is Alfred Russel Wallace and what was his idea

Father of Biogreography / Natural selection

Darwin’s four principles

1 Individuals in a population vary in traits

2 Some traits are heritable

3 Only some survive long enough to produce offspring

4 Those who survive are not random/ beneficial traits equal higher chance of survival.

Father of Geneics

Gregor Mendel/ discovered blended inheritance (aka when ur parents have sex their traits mix and make u )

Mendel’s inheritance experiment

He breeds a pea plant for a specific trait and then cross pollinates them

discrete traits

traits with only two versions, or alleles (ex yellow peas or green peas)

quantitative traits

Multiple genes have a small additive effect on a trait resulting in a normal distribution of a trait within a population

Quantitative traits are

normally distributed

evidence for evolution

fossil record

What is a transitional form?

Intermediate state between ancestral form and its decedents

Homologouus structures

similar morphological structures among different groups of living things (common ancestor)

Analogous structures

structures from different species but similar function

Convergent evolution

independent evolution of similar features in species of different lineages

John Endler’s guppy experiment

show evolution under different environmental conditions

Types of evolution occurring in guppies in different ponds in john endler’s experiments

1 pond with predators were dull color

2 dull male guppies introduced to ponds with less predators after 15 generations became a little colorful

3 ponds with less dangerous predator lead to colorful male guppies

Common decent

species united by a common ancestor

natural selection

Individuals with certain heritable traits produce more serving offspring without it (all abt sex not survival of the fittest) NON RANDOM

transitional forms

intermediate states between ancestral form and its decedents

radiometric dating

a technique used to date the age of an object by measuring the amount of decay of radioactive elements within the object

Morphology

study of physical forms of organisms

vestigial traits

a structure in an organism whose original structure has been lost during the course of evolution

Embryology

study of development from fertilization to fetus stage

Bell curve

distribution of values is symmetrical around the average ( looks like a curve hill?)

allele

variation of a trait

What is genetic diversity and why is it important?

genetic variation among individuals of the same species / adaptive potential aka disease resistance and antibiotic resistance

Microevolution

evolutionary change resulting from a change of the allele frequencies of a population

Macroevolution

large scale change occurring over long periods of time that results in a new species (results in formations of new species) (speciations)

population

individual of same species that live in same area at same time and have thee potential to interbred

Five mechanisms of microevolutionary change

mutation

gene flow

genetic drift

natural selection

sexual selection

mutation

a random change in an organism’s DNA (how new alleles are created)

Deleterious

mutations deleted through purifying selection

Gene flow

the movement of alleles from one population to another (Random)

Genetic Drift

a random shift in change in the alleles frequencies population (RANDOM) pronounced in smaller populations

Genetic bottleneck

a sudden reduction in the alleles of a population

founder effect

a change in alleles frequencies that occurs when a new population is established

selective pressure

any factor that reduces survival or reproductive success of a portion of the population (environmental conditions/ prey)

Biological fitness

ability of an individual to produce vial offspring

Adaptation

heritable trait that increases the fitness of an individual that lacks trait in same environment

Artifical selection

the selective breeding of plants or animals for a desired trait

Natural selection: Peppered Moth

coal factories covered forests in soot and there was an increase in gray morphs

Antibiotic resistance

rapid evolution in bacteria that is results of selection by antibiotics and rapid reproduction and variation in bacteria

Disease resistance

genes that make them resistant to some disease, like Ebola or HIV

Galapagos finches

In dry years, finches had to eat large hard seeds and bigger beaks were selected for but in wet years finches could eat small soft seeds and smaller beaks were selected for

sickle cell anemia

recessive trait carriers have strong resistance to malaria. Carriers of sickle cell trait are selected in maria stricken regions

coevolution

the process where two species reciprocally influence the other’s evolution (predator and prey interactions, competitive species, mutualistic relationship) Pollinators and plants

sexual selection

Members of one sex choose their mates based on certain traits of behaviors, which leads to sexual dimorphism ( can have fitness trade-offs (bright colors are easy for predators to see)

sexual dimorphism

phenotypic differences in males and females of the same species

speciation

development of a new species through evolutionary processes

biological species concept

species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups

Reproductive isolation

the inability of individuals from two populations to produce offspring with each other, thereby making impossible for gene exchange between the populations

Reproductive isolating mechanisms

any factor in nature that prevents inbreeding between individuals of the same species of closely related species

prezygotic barrier

physical or reproduce conditions that make it impossible to individuals to mate with one another

postzygotic barrier

conditions that prevent the offspring of two different species from producing viable offspring

Prezygotic isolation mechasim

ecological isolation

species unique habitats prevent hybridizations

Temporal isolation

Mating/flowering of species occurs at different times of the year

behavior isolation

Behaviors prevent two species from hybridizing

Mechanical isolation

difference in size or shape of reproductive organs

Gametic isolation

Sperm and egg of two species are incompatible

Postzygotic isolation mechanisms

Zygote mortality

They fail to develop

How do new species arise

geographic separation of population into two or more separate populations that no longer interbreed

shift in allele frequencies of separate populations

Changes in allelic frequencies that stops them from interbreeding

Allopatric speciation

speciation that results from geographic isolations of populations via barrier which stops them from interbreeding

Vicariance

splitting of organisms native range thru the formation of a barrier to gene flow

dispersal

movement of organisms to locations outside their native range

Adaptive radiation

Organisms diversify rapidly especially when exposed to new environments which different challenges new resources and available niches

Biotic interchange

When barriers between previous separated biotas break down, resulting in drastic changes to biodiversity

Great American Biotic interchange

land bridge formed between north and south america

sympatric speciation

speciation without geographic separation

ecological niche

role of species within its ecosystem

polyploidy

organisms containing more than two paired sets of chromosomes (plants)

Evolutinary novelties

Novel and complex structures arise from gradual modifications to existing structures

exaptation

structures that evolved for one function but became co-adapted for another function (feathers in birds)

Evolutionary trends

interactions between organisms and their current environments drive evolution, not desire for certain traits? whatever that means lol

taxonomy

domain

kingdom

phylum

class

order

family

genus

species

Phylogeny

evolutionary history of a group of organisms

ancestral trait

characteristic that existed in ancestor

derived trait

characteristic that is a modified form of an ancestral trait

synapomorphy

a shared, derived characteristic

phylogenetic trees can depict

taxonomic classification and evolutionary relationships

how many mass exinction events of earth

five

Precambrian era (4.6 bya - 542 mya)

90% of all time on eath first prokaryotes and eukaryotes

soft body animals and algae at end of this era

paleozoic era (251 mya - 542 mya)

Most animals phyla during Cambrian period

vascular plants dominant terrestrial environments

fish diversity and first tetrapods in the Devonian period

amphibians and retiles dominate

Mesozoic era (251 ma - 65 mya)

gymnosperms dominate

dinosaurs dominant

angiosperms begin to diversify

Cenozoic era (65 mya-present)

mammals radiate with loss dinosaurs

angiosperm dominates

HUMANS

. How did researchers determine that the two populations of Teleogramma brichardi were evolving in different directions? What was preventing the two populations from interbreeding? 

There are two populations of teleogramma brichdardi on each side on the river and when analyzing the genetic sequence of the fish, there were mutations which were not being passed to the other fishes in the other river bank which may be a reason why they are not interbreeding they are evolving into two different species.

How do the characteristics of the fish species Lamprologus lethops, also called mondele bureau by the locals, support the researcher’s hypotheses for fish evolution occurring in the Lower Congo River?

The fish is blind and colorless and this supports the researcher’s hypothesis for fish evolution because the characteristics they have correlate to characteristics cave dwellers commonly have. 

Explain how the geography and hydrology of the Lower Congo River is likely driving the speciation of different fish species within the river?

Geography and hydrology is most likely the driving force behind the speciation of different fish species within the river because if the water’s force is more powerful than the fish’s ability to swim then it makes sense of why species of fish are evolving, the water is separating them.

What role did the Congo River play in the evolution of the chimpanzee and the bonobo? What must happen to a population for speciation to occur?  

Chimpanzees live in the north of the Congo River and the bonobo live in the south. Evolutionary biologists believe that 800,000 years ago their common ancestor separated and since they weren't able to mate, over generations they both grew so different they were no longer a part of the same species anymore which is when speciation occurs.

 How do new species typically form?

When two groups of a species are separated geographically, they evolve in different locations making an entirely new species.

What is unique about the Lower Congo River concerning the fish species found in the river? 

What does the term endemic mean?

 Something unique about the Lower Congo River is that the fish are endemic, which means that they are found nowhere else but there and the inhabitants there are believed to be evolving quickly.