Studied by 55 people
This is like most of the questions I could answer :')
Evolution unites all living things
All living things have evolved and are evolving
Lamarck’s theory of evolution
traits is acquired through need/ giraffes stretch their necks to reach branches
Darwin’s theory of evolution
natural selection / giraffe with longer necks survive
Who is Alfred Russel Wallace and what was his idea
Father of Biogreography / Natural selection
Darwin’s four principles
1 Individuals in a population vary in traits
2 Some traits are heritable
3 Only some survive long enough to produce offspring
4 Those who survive are not random/ beneficial traits equal higher chance of survival.
Father of Geneics
Gregor Mendel/ discovered blended inheritance (aka when ur parents have sex their traits mix and make u )
Mendel’s inheritance experiment
He breeds a pea plant for a specific trait and then cross pollinates them
discrete traits
traits with only two versions, or alleles (ex yellow peas or green peas)
quantitative traits
Multiple genes have a small additive effect on a trait resulting in a normal distribution of a trait within a population
Quantitative traits are
normally distributed
evidence for evolution
fossil record
What is a transitional form?
Intermediate state between ancestral form and its decedents
Homologouus structures
similar morphological structures among different groups of living things (common ancestor)
Analogous structures
structures from different species but similar function
Convergent evolution
independent evolution of similar features in species of different lineages
John Endler’s guppy experiment
show evolution under different environmental conditions
Types of evolution occurring in guppies in different ponds in john endler’s experiments
1 pond with predators were dull color
2 dull male guppies introduced to ponds with less predators after 15 generations became a little colorful
3 ponds with less dangerous predator lead to colorful male guppies
Common decent
species united by a common ancestor
natural selection
Individuals with certain heritable traits produce more serving offspring without it (all abt sex not survival of the fittest) NON RANDOM
transitional forms
intermediate states between ancestral form and its decedents
radiometric dating
a technique used to date the age of an object by measuring the amount of decay of radioactive elements within the object
Morphology
study of physical forms of organisms
vestigial traits
a structure in an organism whose original structure has been lost during the course of evolution
Embryology
study of development from fertilization to fetus stage
Bell curve
distribution of values is symmetrical around the average ( looks like a curve hill?)
allele
variation of a trait
What is genetic diversity and why is it important?
genetic variation among individuals of the same species / adaptive potential aka disease resistance and antibiotic resistance
Microevolution
evolutionary change resulting from a change of the allele frequencies of a population
Macroevolution
large scale change occurring over long periods of time that results in a new species (results in formations of new species) (speciations)
population
individual of same species that live in same area at same time and have thee potential to interbred
Five mechanisms of microevolutionary change
mutation
gene flow
genetic drift
natural selection
sexual selection
mutation
a random change in an organism’s DNA (how new alleles are created)
Deleterious
mutations deleted through purifying selection
Gene flow
the movement of alleles from one population to another (Random)
Genetic Drift
a random shift in change in the alleles frequencies population (RANDOM) pronounced in smaller populations
Genetic bottleneck
a sudden reduction in the alleles of a population
founder effect
a change in alleles frequencies that occurs when a new population is established
selective pressure
any factor that reduces survival or reproductive success of a portion of the population (environmental conditions/ prey)
Biological fitness
ability of an individual to produce vial offspring
Adaptation
heritable trait that increases the fitness of an individual that lacks trait in same environment
Artifical selection
the selective breeding of plants or animals for a desired trait
Natural selection: Peppered Moth
coal factories covered forests in soot and there was an increase in gray morphs
Antibiotic resistance
rapid evolution in bacteria that is results of selection by antibiotics and rapid reproduction and variation in bacteria
Disease resistance
genes that make them resistant to some disease, like Ebola or HIV
Galapagos finches
In dry years, finches had to eat large hard seeds and bigger beaks were selected for but in wet years finches could eat small soft seeds and smaller beaks were selected for
sickle cell anemia
recessive trait carriers have strong resistance to malaria. Carriers of sickle cell trait are selected in maria stricken regions
coevolution
the process where two species reciprocally influence the other’s evolution (predator and prey interactions, competitive species, mutualistic relationship) Pollinators and plants
sexual selection
Members of one sex choose their mates based on certain traits of behaviors, which leads to sexual dimorphism ( can have fitness trade-offs (bright colors are easy for predators to see)
sexual dimorphism
phenotypic differences in males and females of the same species
speciation
development of a new species through evolutionary processes
biological species concept
species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups
Reproductive isolation
the inability of individuals from two populations to produce offspring with each other, thereby making impossible for gene exchange between the populations
Reproductive isolating mechanisms
any factor in nature that prevents inbreeding between individuals of the same species of closely related species
prezygotic barrier
physical or reproduce conditions that make it impossible to individuals to mate with one another
postzygotic barrier
conditions that prevent the offspring of two different species from producing viable offspring
Prezygotic isolation mechasim
ecological isolation
species unique habitats prevent hybridizations
Temporal isolation
Mating/flowering of species occurs at different times of the year
behavior isolation
Behaviors prevent two species from hybridizing
Mechanical isolation
difference in size or shape of reproductive organs
Gametic isolation
Sperm and egg of two species are incompatible
Postzygotic isolation mechanisms
Zygote mortality
They fail to develop
How do new species arise
geographic separation of population into two or more separate populations that no longer interbreed
shift in allele frequencies of separate populations
Changes in allelic frequencies that stops them from interbreeding
Allopatric speciation
speciation that results from geographic isolations of populations via barrier which stops them from interbreeding
Vicariance
splitting of organisms native range thru the formation of a barrier to gene flow
dispersal
movement of organisms to locations outside their native range
Adaptive radiation
Organisms diversify rapidly especially when exposed to new environments which different challenges new resources and available niches
Biotic interchange
When barriers between previous separated biotas break down, resulting in drastic changes to biodiversity
Great American Biotic interchange
land bridge formed between north and south america
sympatric speciation
speciation without geographic separation
ecological niche
role of species within its ecosystem
polyploidy
organisms containing more than two paired sets of chromosomes (plants)
Evolutinary novelties
Novel and complex structures arise from gradual modifications to existing structures
exaptation
structures that evolved for one function but became co-adapted for another function (feathers in birds)
Evolutionary trends
interactions between organisms and their current environments drive evolution, not desire for certain traits? whatever that means lol
taxonomy
domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
Phylogeny
evolutionary history of a group of organisms
ancestral trait
characteristic that existed in ancestor
derived trait
characteristic that is a modified form of an ancestral trait
synapomorphy
a shared, derived characteristic
phylogenetic trees can depict
taxonomic classification and evolutionary relationships
how many mass exinction events of earth
five
Precambrian era (4.6 bya - 542 mya)
90% of all time on eath first prokaryotes and eukaryotes
soft body animals and algae at end of this era
paleozoic era (251 mya - 542 mya)
Most animals phyla during Cambrian period
vascular plants dominant terrestrial environments
fish diversity and first tetrapods in the Devonian period
amphibians and retiles dominate
Mesozoic era (251 ma - 65 mya)
gymnosperms dominate
dinosaurs dominant
angiosperms begin to diversify
Cenozoic era (65 mya-present)
mammals radiate with loss dinosaurs
angiosperm dominates
HUMANS
. How did researchers determine that the two populations of Teleogramma brichardi were evolving in different directions? What was preventing the two populations from interbreeding?
There are two populations of teleogramma brichdardi on each side on the river and when analyzing the genetic sequence of the fish, there were mutations which were not being passed to the other fishes in the other river bank which may be a reason why they are not interbreeding they are evolving into two different species.
How do the characteristics of the fish species Lamprologus lethops, also called mondele bureau by the locals, support the researcher’s hypotheses for fish evolution occurring in the Lower Congo River?
The fish is blind and colorless and this supports the researcher’s hypothesis for fish evolution because the characteristics they have correlate to characteristics cave dwellers commonly have.
Explain how the geography and hydrology of the Lower Congo River is likely driving the speciation of different fish species within the river?
Geography and hydrology is most likely the driving force behind the speciation of different fish species within the river because if the water’s force is more powerful than the fish’s ability to swim then it makes sense of why species of fish are evolving, the water is separating them.
What role did the Congo River play in the evolution of the chimpanzee and the bonobo? What must happen to a population for speciation to occur?
Chimpanzees live in the north of the Congo River and the bonobo live in the south. Evolutionary biologists believe that 800,000 years ago their common ancestor separated and since they weren't able to mate, over generations they both grew so different they were no longer a part of the same species anymore which is when speciation occurs.
How do new species typically form?
When two groups of a species are separated geographically, they evolve in different locations making an entirely new species.
What is unique about the Lower Congo River concerning the fish species found in the river?
What does the term endemic mean?
Something unique about the Lower Congo River is that the fish are endemic, which means that they are found nowhere else but there and the inhabitants there are believed to be evolving quickly.
