Consequences- Political Change

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57 Terms

1
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Political change occurred as European governments rapidly ________________ their energy policies to end reliance on Russian gas, resulting in new legislation, accelerated green transitions, and greater EU integration on energy security. This transformation was a direct response to the geopolitical risks exposed by the war, which led to reforms in both national energy strategies and regional governance frameworks.

restructured

2
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Political change occurred as European governments rapidly restructured their _______________ to end reliance on Russian gas, resulting in new legislation, accelerated green transitions, and greater EU integration on energy security. This transformation was a direct response to the geopolitical risks exposed by the war, which led to reforms in both national energy strategies and regional governance frameworks.

energy policies

3
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Political change occurred as European governments rapidly restructured their energy policies to end _______________________________, resulting in new legislation, accelerated green transitions, and greater EU integration on energy security. This transformation was a direct response to the geopolitical risks exposed by the war, which led to reforms in both national energy strategies and regional governance frameworks.

end reliance on Russian gas

4
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Political change occurred as European governments rapidly restructured their energy policies to end reliance on Russian gas, resulting in__________________, accelerated green transitions, and greater EU integration on energy security. This transformation was a direct response to the geopolitical risks exposed by the war, which led to reforms in both national energy strategies and regional governance frameworks.

new legislation,

5
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Political change occurred as European governments rapidly restructured their energy policies to end reliance on Russian gas, resulting in new legislation, ______________________, and greater EU integration on energy security. This transformation was a direct response to the geopolitical risks exposed by the war, which led to reforms in both national energy strategies and regional governance frameworks.

accelerated green transitions

6
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Political change occurred as European governments rapidly restructured their energy policies to end reliance on Russian gas, resulting in new legislation, accelerated green transitions, and ______________________________. This transformation was a direct response to the geopolitical risks exposed by the war, which led to reforms in both national energy strategies and regional governance frameworks.

greater EU integration on energy security

7
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Political change occurred as European governments rapidly restructured their energy policies to end reliance on Russian gas, resulting in new legislation, accelerated green transitions, and greater EU integration on energy security. This transformation was a ________________ to the geopolitical risks exposed by the war, which led to reforms in both national energy strategies and regional governance frameworks.

direct response

8
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Political change occurred as European governments rapidly restructured their energy policies to end reliance on Russian gas, resulting in new legislation, accelerated green transitions, and greater EU integration on energy security. This transformation was a direct response to the__________________ exposed by the war, which led to reforms in both national energy strategies and regional governance frameworks.

geopolitical risks

9
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Political change occurred as European governments rapidly restructured their energy policies to end reliance on Russian gas, resulting in new legislation, accelerated green transitions, and greater EU integration on energy security. This transformation was a direct response to the geopolitical risks_____________________, which led to reforms in both national energy strategies and regional governance frameworks.

exposed by the war

10
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Political change occurred as European governments rapidly restructured their energy policies to end reliance on Russian gas, resulting in new legislation, accelerated green transitions, and greater EU integration on energy security. This transformation was a direct response to the geopolitical risks exposed by the war, which led to reforms in both _______________________and regional governance frameworks.

national energy frameworks

11
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Political change occurred as European governments rapidly restructured their energy policies to end reliance on Russian gas, resulting in new legislation, accelerated green transitions, and greater EU integration on energy security. This transformation was a direct response to the geopolitical risks exposed by the war, which led to reforms in both national energy strategies and _____________________________________.

regional governance frameworks

12
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Before the war, Russia ___________ approximately 40% of the EU’s natural gas. By early 2023, that figure had fallen below 10%. The REPowerEU plan committed €300 billion to energy independence, while Germany, for example, built three LNG terminals within a year, previously unthinkable under normal legislative timelines. At least 15 EU member states passed new national energy laws between 2022–2023. Renewable energy production increased by 13%, and overall gas consumption fell by more than 19% across the EU.

supplied

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Before the war, Russia supplied approximately ____% of the EU’s natural gas. By early 2023, that figure had fallen below 10%. The REPowerEU plan committed €300 billion to energy independence, while Germany, for example, built three LNG terminals within a year, previously unthinkable under normal legislative timelines. At least 15 EU member states passed new national energy laws between 2022–2023. Renewable energy production increased by 13%, and overall gas consumption fell by more than 19% across the EU.

40

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Before the war, Russia supplied approximately 40% of the EU’s natural gas. By ____________, that figure had fallen below 10%. The REPowerEU plan committed €300 billion to energy independence, while Germany, for example, built three LNG terminals within a year, previously unthinkable under normal legislative timelines. At least 15 EU member states passed new national energy laws between 2022–2023. Renewable energy production increased by 13%, and overall gas consumption fell by more than 19% across the EU.

early 2023

15
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Before the war, Russia supplied approximately 40% of the __________________. By early 2023, that figure had fallen below 10%. The REPowerEU plan committed €300 billion to energy independence, while Germany, for example, built three LNG terminals within a year, previously unthinkable under normal legislative timelines. At least 15 EU member states passed new national energy laws between 2022–2023. Renewable energy production increased by 13%, and overall gas consumption fell by more than 19% across the EU.

EU’s natural gas

16
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Before the war, Russia supplied approximately 40% of the EU’s natural gas. By early 2023, that figure had fallen below ____%. The REPowerEU plan committed €300 billion to energy independence, while Germany, for example, built three LNG terminals within a year, previously unthinkable under normal legislative timelines. At least 15 EU member states passed new national energy laws between 2022–2023. Renewable energy production increased by 13%, and overall gas consumption fell by more than 19% across the EU.

10

17
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Before the war, Russia supplied approximately 40% of the EU’s natural gas. By early 2023, that figure had fallen below 10%. The _____________ plan committed €300 billion to energy independence, while Germany, for example, built three LNG terminals within a year, previously unthinkable under normal legislative timelines. At least 15 EU member states passed new national energy laws between 2022–2023. Renewable energy production increased by 13%, and overall gas consumption fell by more than 19% across the EU.

REPowerEU

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Before the war, Russia supplied approximately 40% of the EU’s natural gas. By early 2023, that figure had fallen below 10%. The REPowerEU plan committed €______ billion to energy independence, while Germany, for example, built three LNG terminals within a year, previously unthinkable under normal legislative timelines. At least 15 EU member states passed new national energy laws between 2022–2023. Renewable energy production increased by 13%, and overall gas consumption fell by more than 19% across the EU.

300

19
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Before the war, Russia supplied approximately 40% of the EU’s natural gas. By early 2023, that figure had fallen below 10%. The REPowerEU plan committed €300 billion to _________________, while Germany, for example, built three LNG terminals within a year, previously unthinkable under normal legislative timelines. At least 15 EU member states passed new national energy laws between 2022–2023. Renewable energy production increased by 13%, and overall gas consumption fell by more than 19% across the EU.

energy dependence

20
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Before the war, Russia supplied approximately 40% of the EU’s natural gas. By early 2023, that figure had fallen below 10%. The REPowerEU plan committed €300 billion to energy independence, while ___________, for example, built three LNG terminals within a year, previously unthinkable under normal legislative timelines. At least 15 EU member states passed new national energy laws between 2022–2023. Renewable energy production increased by 13%, and overall gas consumption fell by more than 19% across the EU.

Germany

21
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Before the war, Russia supplied approximately 40% of the EU’s natural gas. By early 2023, that figure had fallen below 10%. The REPowerEU plan committed €300 billion to energy independence, while Germany, for example, built _________ LNG terminals within a year, previously unthinkable under normal legislative timelines. At least 15 EU member states passed new national energy laws between 2022–2023. Renewable energy production increased by 13%, and overall gas consumption fell by more than 19% across the EU.

three

22
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Before the war, Russia supplied approximately 40% of the EU’s natural gas. By early 2023, that figure had fallen below 10%. The REPowerEU plan committed €300 billion to energy independence, while Germany, for example, built three__________________ within a year, previously unthinkable under normal legislative timelines. At least 15 EU member states passed new national energy laws between 2022–2023. Renewable energy production increased by 13%, and overall gas consumption fell by more than 19% across the EU.

LNG terminals

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Before the war, Russia supplied approximately 40% of the EU’s natural gas. By early 2023, that figure had fallen below 10%. The REPowerEU plan committed €300 billion to energy independence, while Germany, for example, built three LNG terminals within a year, previously unthinkable under normal legislative timelines. At least ___ EU member states passed new national energy laws between 2022–2023. Renewable energy production increased by 13%, and overall gas consumption fell by more than 19% across the EU.

15

24
New cards

Before the war, Russia supplied approximately 40% of the EU’s natural gas. By early 2023, that figure had fallen below 10%. The REPowerEU plan committed €300 billion to energy independence, while Germany, for example, built three LNG terminals within a year, previously unthinkable under normal legislative timelines. At least 15 EU member states passed_______________________ between 2022–2023. Renewable energy production increased by 13%, and overall gas consumption fell by more than 19% across the EU.

new national energy laws

25
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Before the war, Russia supplied approximately 40% of the EU’s natural gas. By early 2023, that figure had fallen below 10%. The REPowerEU plan committed €300 billion to energy independence, while Germany, for example, built three LNG terminals within a year, previously unthinkable under normal legislative timelines. At least 15 EU member states passed new national energy laws between _____________. Renewable energy production increased by 13%, and overall gas consumption fell by more than 19% across the EU.

2022-2023

26
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Before the war, Russia supplied approximately 40% of the EU’s natural gas. By early 2023, that figure had fallen below 10%. The REPowerEU plan committed €300 billion to energy independence, while Germany, for example, built three LNG terminals within a year, previously unthinkable under normal legislative timelines. At least 15 EU member states passed new national energy laws between 2022–2023. Renewable energy production increased by ____%, and overall gas consumption fell by more than 19% across the EU.

13

27
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Before the war, Russia supplied approximately 40% of the EU’s natural gas. By early 2023, that figure had fallen below 10%. The REPowerEU plan committed €300 billion to energy independence, while Germany, for example, built three LNG terminals within a year, previously unthinkable under normal legislative timelines. At least 15 EU member states passed new national energy laws between 2022–2023. ______________________________ increased by 13%, and overall gas consumption fell by more than 19% across the EU.

Renewable energy production

28
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Before the war, Russia supplied approximately 40% of the EU’s natural gas. By early 2023, that figure had fallen below 10%. The REPowerEU plan committed €300 billion to energy independence, while Germany, for example, built three LNG terminals within a year, previously unthinkable under normal legislative timelines. At least 15 EU member states passed new national energy laws between 2022–2023. Renewable energy production increased by 13%, and _______________________ fell by more than 19% across the EU.

overall gas consumption

29
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Before the war, Russia supplied approximately 40% of the EU’s natural gas. By early 2023, that figure had fallen below 10%. The REPowerEU plan committed €300 billion to energy independence, while Germany, for example, built three LNG terminals within a year, previously unthinkable under normal legislative timelines. At least 15 EU member states passed new national energy laws between 2022–2023. Renewable energy production increased by 13%, and overall gas consumption fell by more than ____% across the EU.

19

30
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The elimination of Russian gas dependence caused foundational political change in Europe. New national laws and EU directives created lasting shifts in how energy is governed, transitioning power from ___________________ in key sectors. Political leadership across the continent became more unified around the goals of energy sovereignty and climate adaptation, creating a new consensus in both domestic and supranational politics. Green policy became securitized, reframing climate legislation as essential to national resilience and geopolitical autonomy.

markets to the state

31
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The elimination of Russian gas dependence caused foundational political change in Europe. New national laws and EU directives created lasting shifts in how energy is governed, transitioning power from markets to the state in key sectors.________________________became more unified around the goals of energy sovereignty and climate adaptation, creating a new consensus in both domestic and supranational politics. Green policy became securitized, reframing climate legislation as essential to national resilience and geopolitical autonomy.

Political leadership across the continent

32
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The elimination of Russian gas dependence caused foundational political change in Europe. New national laws and EU directives created lasting shifts in how energy is governed, transitioning power from markets to the state in key sectors. Political leadership across the continent became ________________around the goals of energy sovereignty and climate adaptation, creating a new consensus in both domestic and supranational politics. Green policy became securitized, reframing climate legislation as essential to national resilience and geopolitical autonomy.

more unified

33
New cards

The elimination of Russian gas dependence caused foundational political change in Europe. New national laws and EU directives created lasting shifts in how energy is governed, transitioning power from markets to the state in key sectors. Political leadership across the continent became more unified around the goals of ________________ and climate adaptation, creating a new consensus in both domestic and supranational politics. Green policy became securitized, reframing climate legislation as essential to national resilience and geopolitical autonomy.

energy sovereignty

34
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The elimination of Russian gas dependence caused foundational political change in Europe. New national laws and EU directives created lasting shifts in how energy is governed, transitioning power from markets to the state in key sectors. Political leadership across the continent became more unified around the goals of energy sovereignty and ______________, creating a new consensus in both domestic and supranational politics. Green policy became securitized, reframing climate legislation as essential to national resilience and geopolitical autonomy.

climate adaptation

35
New cards

The elimination of Russian gas dependence caused foundational political change in Europe. New national laws and EU directives created lasting shifts in how energy is governed, transitioning power from markets to the state in key sectors. Political leadership across the continent became more unified around the goals of energy sovereignty and climate adaptation, creating a new consensus in both domestic and supranational politics. Green policy became securitized, ______________________________________________________________________________________________

reframing climate legislation as essential to national resilience and geopolitical autonomy.

36
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Political change occurred as European states shifted toward more ____________, defense-oriented governance, marked by expanded military budgets, new security doctrines, and the empowerment of nationalist parties. This reorientation of political priorities reflected a departure from the post-Cold War emphasis on diplomacy and multilateralism, replacing it with a politics of deterrence and sovereignty.

nationalist

37
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Political change occurred as European states shifted toward more nationalist, _____________________, marked by expanded military budgets, new security doctrines, and the empowerment of nationalist parties. This reorientation of political priorities reflected a departure from the post-Cold War emphasis on diplomacy and multilateralism, replacing it with a politics of deterrence and sovereignty.

defense-oriented governance

38
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Political change occurred as European states shifted toward more nationalist, defense-oriented governance, marked by ____________________, new security doctrines, and the empowerment of nationalist parties. This reorientation of political priorities reflected a departure from the post-Cold War emphasis on diplomacy and multilateralism, replacing it with a politics of deterrence and sovereignty.

expanded military budgets

39
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In direct response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, Germany underwent one of the most dramatic political transformations in its post-World War II history. Just ______________days after the invasion, Chancellor Olaf Scholz announced a historic “Zeitenwende” (“turning point”) in German foreign and defense policy. This included the creation of a €100 billion special defense fund and a commitment to permanently meet NATO’s target of spending 2% of GDP on defence, a target Germany had consistently resisted for decades.

three

40
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In direct response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, Germany underwent one of the most dramatic political transformations in its post-World War II history. Just three days after the invasion, _______________________ announced a historic “Zeitenwende” (“turning point”) in German foreign and defense policy. This included the creation of a €100 billion special defense fund and a commitment to permanently meet NATO’s target of spending 2% of GDP on defence, a target Germany had consistently resisted for decades.

Chancellor Olaf Scholz

41
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In direct response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, Germany underwent one of the most dramatic political transformations in its post-World War II history. Just three days after the invasion, Chancellor Olaf Scholz announced a historic “_________________” (“turning point”) in German foreign and defense policy. This included the creation of a €100 billion special defense fund and a commitment to permanently meet NATO’s target of spending 2% of GDP on defence, a target Germany had consistently resisted for decades.

Zeitenwende

42
New cards

In direct response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, Germany underwent one of the most dramatic political transformations in its post-World War II history. Just three days after the invasion, Chancellor Olaf Scholz announced a historic “Zeitenwende” (“____________”) in German foreign and defense policy. This included the creation of a €100 billion special defense fund and a commitment to permanently meet NATO’s target of spending 2% of GDP on defence, a target Germany had consistently resisted for decades.

turning point

43
New cards

In direct response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, Germany underwent one of the most dramatic political transformations in its post-World War II history. Just three days after the invasion, Chancellor Olaf Scholz announced a historic “Zeitenwende” (“turning point”) in German foreign and defense policy. This included the creation of a €________________________ and a commitment to permanently meet NATO’s target of spending 2% of GDP on defence, a target Germany had consistently resisted for decades.

100 billion special defense fund

44
New cards

In direct response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, Germany underwent one of the most dramatic political transformations in its post-World War II history. Just three days after the invasion, Chancellor Olaf Scholz announced a historic “Zeitenwende” (“turning point”) in German foreign and defense policy. This included the creation of a €100 billion special defense fund and a commitment to ____________________________________________________________, a target Germany had consistently resisted for decades.

permanently meet NATO’s target of spending 2% of GDP on defence

45
New cards

In direct response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, Germany underwent one of the most dramatic political transformations in its post-World War II history. Just three days after the invasion, Chancellor Olaf Scholz announced a historic “Zeitenwende” (“turning point”) in German foreign and defense policy. This included the creation of a €100 billion special defense fund and a commitment to permanently meet NATO’s target of spending 2% of GDP on defence, __________________________________________________________________________.

a target Germany had consistently resisted for decades.

46
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Before this shift, Germany’s _________________hovered around 1.4% of GDP and was shaped by a deeply embedded pacifist political culture rooted in the aftermath of WWII.

military spending

47
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Before this shift, Germany’s military spending hovered around ______% of GDP and was shaped by a deeply embedded pacifist political culture rooted in the aftermath of WWII.

1.4

48
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Before this shift, Germany’s military spending hovered around 1.4% of GDP and was shaped by a ___________________________________ rooted in the aftermath of WWII.

deeply embedded pacifist political culture

49
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The move also altered the political discourse: defense and military readiness, previously marginal issues, became central in party platforms and parliamentary debates. Public opinion followed, with support for higher defense spending rising from _____% in 2021 to over 60% in 2022 (Pew Research).

32

50
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The move also altered the political discourse: defense and military readiness, previously marginal issues, became central in party platforms and parliamentary debates. Public opinion followed, with support for higher defense spending rising from 32% in _______ to over 60% in 2022 (Pew Research).

2021

51
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The move also altered the political discourse: defense and military readiness, previously marginal issues, became central in party platforms and parliamentary debates. Public opinion followed, with support for higher defense spending rising from 32% in 2021 to over _____% in 2022 (Pew Research).

60

52
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The move also altered the political discourse: defense and military readiness, previously marginal issues, became central in party platforms and parliamentary debates. Public opinion followed, with support for higher defense spending rising from 32% in 2021 to over 60% in _______ (Pew Research).

2022

53
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The move also altered the political discourse: defense and military readiness, previously marginal issues, became central in party platforms and parliamentary debates. Public opinion followed, with support for higher defense spending rising from 32% in 2021 to over 60% in 2022 (________________).

Pew Research

54
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In doing so, the _______________ushered in a permanent reordering of Germany’s political priorities, replacing historical restraint with assertive engagement, and transforming its global role from an economic actor to a military power.

Zeitenwende

55
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In doing so, the Zeitenwende ushered in a permanent reordering of Germany’s political priorities, replacing __________________ with assertive engagement, and transforming its global role from an economic actor to a military power.

historical restraint

56
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In doing so, the Zeitenwende ushered in a permanent reordering of Germany’s political priorities, replacing historical restraint with assertive engagement, and transforming its global role from an ________________ to a military power.

economic actor

57
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In doing so, the Zeitenwende ushered in a permanent reordering of Germany’s political priorities, replacing historical restraint with assertive engagement, and transforming its global role from an economic actor to a ______________.

military power