Kaplan psychology ch 1

info from chapter one of Kaplan Psych book

Gall

Founder of phrenology, pseudoscience that talked about skull size.

Flourens

ablations/extripation. different parts of brain had different functions

James

functionalism, psychology of how brain adapts to environment

dewey

believed psych is a study of the whole person, advocated for functionalism

Broca

brocas region, lesions in specific parts of brain lead to different maladies

helmhltz

measured the speed of a nerve impulse

sherrington

discovered synapses

afferent/sensory neurons

relays sensory information to cns

efferent/motor neurons

relays motor information from cns to muscles

interneurons

located mostly in brain and spinal cord linked with reflixive behavior (stepping on nail).

CNS

Brain and spine

PNS

everything else

created a flow chart of all the parts of the nervous system

Parasympathetic nercous system

Conserves energy

constricts bladder, speeds up digestion, lowers heart rate, contricts bronchi, constricts pupils, releases adrenaline and noradrenaline

rest and digest

sympathetic nervous system

fight or flight

raises heart rate, dialates pupils, prevents baldder constriction,

slows digestion, stimulates bile and saliva production

activated by acytlcholine

parts of the hind brain and functions

cerebellum, mudula oblongata, reticular formation

refined motor control

viatl functions

arousal and alertness

parts of the mid brain and functions

inferior and superior colliculi

sensorimotor reflexes

parts and functions of the forebrain

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, thalmus, hypothalmus, limbic region

advanced cognition, memory and emotion, movement and perception

types of tecniques for neural mapping

fMRI, MRI, CT, PET, rCBF

three meningeies

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

thalmus

relay station for signals within the brain

hypothalums: Lateral Hypothalmus, ventromedial Hypothalmus, Anterior Hypothalmus

LH, hunger center

VMH: satiety center

AH: sexual function

Basal Ganglia

involved in precison motor function

parkinsons disease affects this area

limbic system

emotions and memory

houses the amydgala (fear)

septic nucleii (rewards system)

hippocampus (memory)

cerebral cortex

outer most part of forebrain

gyri and sullci

split into four lobes

frontal lobe

split into prefrontal cortex and motor cortex and brocas area

prefrontal cortex: executive/supervisonary function

motor cortex: volitary movement

brocas area: speech

parietal lobe

somatosensory processing and spatial processing

occipital lobe

contains the visual cortex

involved in vision and motor control

temporal lobe

contains hippocampus and wernickes area, and auditory cortex

language, memory, and hearing

acetylcholine

used in parasympathetic nervous system

adrenaline, noreadrenaline,

catecholamines, regulate emotions

dopamine

catecholamine with important role in movement and posture. Parkinsons is caused by a loss of dopaminergic neurons

Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia

schizophrenia results from an either too much dopamine or an oversensitivity to dopamine

Serotonin

regulates mood and hunger. Too much equals mania and too little equals depression

GABA, Glycine, and glutamate

GABA and Glycine are inhibitors that act by hyperpolarization, Glutamate is and excititory neurotransmitter

endorphins

peptide neurotransmitters, act as natural pain killers

endorcine glands

pituitary gland acts as a master gland, activating other glands in the body

adrenal glands release epinepherine and norepinepherine, 

gonads release sex horomones

types of studies

twin studies 

adoption studies

familily studies

neural development

begines with neruolation (groove and folds)

folds in on itself repeatedly and becomes the neural tube (prosencephelon, mesenchephelon, rhombenchephelon)

develops further into telenchephelon, dienchephelon, mesenchephelon, metenchephelon, mytenchephenlon)

moro reflex, babinski reflex, clutching reflex

moro: baby flails its arms out after sudden movement

babinski, baby spreads toes after plantar stimulation

clutcting stimulation, baby clutches items given to it