Caring For Clients with Disorders of the Kidneys and Ureters

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering kidney and ureter disorders, including pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, PKD, renal calculi, cancer, and kidney failure based on lecture materials.

According to the transcript, what is the most common cause of pyelonephritis in the older adult?

Urinary obstruction

What organism accounts for approximately $85\%$ of acute pyelonephritis infections?

Escherichia coli

In acute pyelonephritis, what is the 'chief abnormality' found during a urinalysis?

Pyuria (pus)

What is the recommended duration for antimicrobial drug therapy in a client with acute pyelonephritis?

$14$ days

Which specific antigen is often associated with the development of acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis?

Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus

What are the two common color descriptions for urine in a client with acute glomerulonephritis due to hematuria?

Pink or cola-colored

A client with acute glomerulonephritis is not considered 'cured' until the urine is free of protein and RBCs for how long?

$6$ months

What is the term for the generalized edema often found in clients with chronic glomerulonephritis?

Anasarca

How is adult Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) inherited?

As either an autosomal dominant trait or autosomal recessive trait

In Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD), the kidneys can enlarge from the size of a fist to the size of what object?

A football

Which two classes of nephrotoxic medications must be avoided 'at all costs' in clients with Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)?

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and cephalosporin antibiotics

What are the two most common mineral components of kidney stones (urolithiasis)?

Calcium oxalate and/or calcium phosphate

What is the classical symptom of urinary calculi?

Sudden, sharp, severe flank pain that travels to the suprapubic region and external genitalia

Why is the severity of pain from a kidney stone usually inversely proportional to the size of the stone?

Smaller stones travel more rapidly down the ureter, causing more forceful ureteral spasms

What are three conditions that can cause a ureteral stricture by mechanically compressing the ureter?

Pregnancy, tumors in the abdomen, or tumors in the upper urinary tract

What is the most common type of kidney cancer in adults?

Renal cell carcinoma (specifically renal cell adenocarcinoma)

What are the late-stage symptoms associated with renal cancer?

Painless hematuria, persistent low back pain on one side, a mass or lump, unexplained weight loss, malaise, and fever

What does a radical nephrectomy for a malignant renal tumor involve removing?

The tumor, adrenal gland, surrounding perinephric fat, and fascia

How is 'Prerenal' acute kidney failure defined in the transcript?

Nonurological conditions that disrupt renal blood flow to the nephrons, affecting their ability to filter

List the four phases of Acute Renal Failure in the order they occur.

Initiation, Oliguric, Diuretic, and Recovery

Which stage of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is defined as 'End-Stage' with a GFR of less than $15\,mL/hr$?

Stage V

What is the best real-time biomarker for current kidney function, particularly in catheterized clients?

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as reflected in urine output volume

Which biomarker rises very quickly ($24$ to $48$ hours prior to serum creatinine) in response to poor kidney perfusion or ischemia?

Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL)

What is the primary difference between hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis?

Hemodialysis filters blood outside the body using a dialyzer, while peritoneal dialysis uses the peritoneal membrane in the abdominal cavity as the filter

According to the Gerontologic Considerations, why is the older adult at high risk for acute kidney injury (AKI)?

Decline in glomerular filtration rate, loss of nephrons, and reduced glomeruli

What type of diet is recommended for a client with glomerulonephritis to prevent the catabolism of body protein stores?

Adequate carbohydrate intake

When is a dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scintigraphy used in diagnostic findings?

To identify infection and/or scarring in the kidneys by imaging a radioactive substance passing through them

What is the purpose of antispasmodics like oxybutynin (Ditropan) in treating pyelonephritis?

To relax smooth muscles of the ureters and bladder, promote comfort, and increase bladder capacity