Chapter 20: Urinary System

As a result of very low arterial blood pressure, glomerular hydrostatic pressure

rises and filtration increases.

rises and filtration decreases.

drops and filtration increases.

drops and filtration decreases.

does not change.

drops and filtration decreases.

Which of the following is not a diuretic?

Caffeine

Chocolate

Alcohol

Tea

A water pill

Chocolate

After work Linda relaxes by drinking two beers, and soon has to urinate. The alcohol is a diuretic because it

activates distal tubular sodium secretion.

inhibits aldosterone secretion.

inhibits ADH secretion.

activates chloride ion reabsorption.

promotes ADH secretion.

inhibits ADH secretion.

The countercurrent mechanism functions primarily in the

renal corpuscle.

proximal convoluted tubule.

distal convoluted tubule

nephron loop.

ureters.

nephron loop.

The relative concentration of potassium is

higher in urine than plasma or glomerular filtrate.

higher in plasma and glomerular filtrate than in urine.

about equal in plasma, glomerular filtrate, and urine.

lower in urine than plasma or glomerular filtrate.

none of the above.

higher in urine than plasma or glomerular filtrate.

Michael is 26 years old. He becomes dehydrated after a long run if he has not drunk enough. His infant son Sean, however, becomes dehydrated fairly frequently. This difference in susceptibility to dehydration is because

adults drink more liquid.

infants grow rapidly.

infant kidneys are less able to conserve water.

the infant thirst mechanism is underdeveloped.

Sean has inherited a kidney disease from his father.

infant kidneys are less able to conserve water.

Up to ______ of urea is filtered and recycled.

33%

55%

75%

80%

100%

80%

A renal corpuscle includes the

glomerulus and glomerular capsule.

glomerulus and renal tubule.

glomerular capsule and renal tubule.

renal tubule and collecting tubule.

red blood cells and hemoglobin.

glomerulus and glomerular capsule.

Hemodialysis is also called

an artificial kidney.

a bionic nephron.

a kidney transplant.

a bone marrow transplant.

an artificial liver.

an artificial kidney.

The composition of glomerular filtrate differs from that of plasma by including

many different substances that are absent from plasma.

the same substances as plasma except for larger protein molecules.

less water and electrolytes than does plasma.

much more uric acid and creatinine than plasma.

DNA and RNA.

the same substances as plasma except for larger protein molecules.

An adaptation of the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubule for reabsorption is

thin walls.

rugae folds that increase surface area.

secreting enzymes that activate absorption of substances.

microscopic projections called microvilli.

microscopic invaginations.

microscopic projections called microvilli.

During a kidney transplant procedure, the renal artery and vein of the donor kidney are connected to the recipient's

renal artery and vein.

iliac artery and vein.

aorta and inferior vena cava.

aorta and portal vein.

bladder.

iliac artery and vein.

The renal medulla is composed of _____, whereas the renal cortex is composed of _____.

renal pyramids; ureters from nephrons

renal columns; renal pyramids and nephrons

collecting tubules; peritubular capillaries from nephrons

renal pyramids; nephron tubules

strings; strands

renal pyramids; nephron tubules

Athletes might abuse which of the following chemicals made in the urinary system to improve performance by increasing red blood cell production?

ADH

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Glomerular filtrate

Urea

ATP

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Shigatoxin is associated with

Balkan endemic nephropathy.

urinary tract infection.

edema.

hemolytic uremic syndrome.

hair loss.

hemolytic uremic syndrome.

An increase in urine volume is termed

anuresis.

dialysis.

diuresis.

urinary edema.

plasmaphoresis.

diuresis.

The first capillary bed associated with the nephron

filters.

reabsorbs nutrients.

adjusts pH.

forms urine.

reverses the flow of blood.

filters.

Which of the following does not occur with aging of the urinary system?

decreased GFR.

renal tubules become encased in fat.

fibrous connective tissue accumulates around the kidney capsule.

nephrons invert.

decrease in surface area for filtration.

nephrons invert.

A renal corpuscle is a _____, whereas a renal tubule is a _____.

cluster of blood capillaries and glomerular capsule; highly coiled tubule exiting the glomerular capsule

special blood cell in the kidneys; tubule that leads from the kidneys to the bladder

storage area for urine; tubule that carries urine from the urinary bladder outside

glandular structure that regulates blood pressure; blood vessel that regulates the flow of blood into the glomerulus

structure composed of connective tissue; blood vessel

cluster of blood capillaries and glomerular capsule; highly coiled tubule exiting the glomerular capsule

When sodium ions are reabsorbed through the wall of the renal tubule by active transport, chloride ions are

reabsorbed by active transport.

reabsorbed by passive transport.

secreted by active transport.

secreted by passive transport.

none of the above.

reabsorbed by passive transport.

A biochemical important in glomerulus formation in the embryo is

ADH.

ADP.

renin.

aquaporin.

VEGF.

VEGF.

The new parents are stunned at the state of their newborn's soiled diaper - it is blue! What might be the cause of the odd diaper stain?

ADH deficiency

A defect in transport of the amino acid tryptophan in the small intestine

A buildup of uric acid in the blood.

The baby ate a crayon.

E. coli poisoning

A defect in transport of the amino acid tryptophan in the small intestine

Conscious control of micturition inhibits the micturition reflex by using nerve centers in the

medulla oblongata.

spinal cord.

brainstem and cerebral cortex.

pons and hypothalamus.

kidneys and bladder.

brainstem and cerebral cortex.

The reabsorption of glucose occurs primarily through the walls of the

glomerular capsule.

nephron loop.

proximal convoluted tubule.

distal convoluted tubule.

renal duct.

proximal convoluted tubule.

Which choice describes the countercurrent mechanism of the nephron loop?

Water moves out of the ascending limb; sodium moves in the ascending limb

Water moves in the ascending limb; sodium moves out of the ascending limb

Water moves out of the descending limb; sodium moves out of the ascending limb

Water moves in the descending limb; sodium moves out of the descending limb

Water moves out of the descending limb; calcium moves out of the ascending limb

Water moves out of the descending limb; sodium moves out of the ascending limb

Linda drinks a 28-ounce venti sugar-free vanilla nonfat caffe latte on her way to work, and has to urinate about a half hour later. This is most likely because

a venti is a very large drink.

caffeine is a diuretic.

the vanilla inhibits ADH secretion.

walking quickly rushes fluid through the urinary system.

all of the above.

caffeine is a diuretic.

Which of the following indicates the parts of a renal tubule in the correct sequence from beginning to end?

Proximal convoluted tubule, ascending limb, descending limb, distal convoluted tubule

Distal convoluted tubule, ascending limb, descending limb, proximal convoluted tubule

Proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb, ascending limb, distal convoluted tubule

Collecting duct, proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb, ascending limb, distal convoluted tubule

Ascending convoluted tubule, proximal limb, descending convoluted tubule, distal limb.

Proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb, ascending limb, distal convoluted tubule

Kidney stones are least likely to be composed of

uric acid.

calcium oxalate.

cholesterol.

magnesium phosphate.

calcium phosphate.

cholesterol.

Which of the following is not part of the male urethra?

Prostatic urethra

Membranous urethra

Penile urethra

Ductus deferens

Mucous membrane

Ductus deferens

Autoregulation refers to

maintaining constant GFR.

secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide at a constant rate.

secretion of renin at a constant rate.

getting your driver's license renewed.

training a toddler to use a toilet.

maintaining constant GFR.

The hormone ADH promotes water reabsorption through the wall(s) of the

distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct.

proximal convoluted tubule and collecting duct.

ascending limb of the nephron loop.

descending limb of the nephron loop.

glomerulus.

distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct.

At the renal plasma threshold

more glucose is in the filtrate than active transport can handle.

blood volume is so great that nephrons cannot keep up.

the urine has too little glucose.

hemodialysis is needed.

a kidney transplant is necessary.

more glucose is in the filtrate than active transport can handle.

Aldosterone from the adrenal cortex causes sodium ions to be

excreted and water to be conserved.

excreted and water to be excreted.

conserved and water to be conserved.

conserved and water to be excreted.

unchanged in concentration.

conserved and water to be conserved.

Which of the following would increase the rate of glomerular filtration?

Decreased blood pressure

Increased blood pressure

A constricted afferent arteriole

A dilated efferent arteriole

Drinking water

Increased blood pressure

The countercurrent mechanism in the nephron

creates a highly concentrated interstitial fluid so that urine can be concentrated by the collecting ducts when they are permeable to water.

is a method to move sodium to control its concentration.

keeps the volume of water lost in the urine relatively constant.

keeps interstitial fluid hydrated to maintain blood pressure.

none of the above.

creates a highly concentrated interstitial fluid so that urine can be concentrated by the collecting ducts when they are permeable to water.

The micturition reflex center is in the

sacral segments of the spinal cord.

medulla oblongata.

pons.

hypothalamus.

kidneys.

sacral segments of the spinal cord.

The story of Balkan endemic nephropathy indicated that

a toxin in food can damage kidneys and cause kidney cancer.

kidney disease only affects people in Croatia.

drinking too much alcohol can strain the kidneys.

a terrorist can poison peoples' urinary systems by putting bacteria in the water supply.

kidneys can regenerate.

a toxin in food can damage kidneys and cause kidney cancer.

Secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide

decreases sodium excretion.

increases sodium excretion.

decreases potassium excretion.

increases potassium excretion.

has no effect on either sodium or potassium excretion.

increases sodium excretion.

The juxtaglomerular apparatus regulates the filtration rate by _____ and by ____.

vasodilation of the afferent arteriole; increasing osmotic pressure in the glomerular capsule

vasoconstriction of the peritubular capillary; dilation of the collecting duct

vasodilation of the afferent arteriole; renin-angiotensin II vasoconstricting the renal artery

vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole; vasoconstriction of the ureters.

all of the above; depending on conditions.

vasodilation of the afferent arteriole; renin-angiotensin II vasoconstricting the renal artery

A product of the metabolism of certain nucleic acid bases is

uric acid.

urea.

ammonia.

water.

adenine.

uric acid.

When plasma glucose concentration exceeds the renal plasma threshold,

the glomerular filtration rate increases.

the volume of urine decreases.

glucose is secreted into the peritubular capillary.

glucose appears in the urine.

glucose disappears from the urine.

glucose appears in the urine.

Which of the following is not a function of the kidneys?

Maintaining volume, pH, and composition of body fluids within normal ranges.

Removal of excess chemicals.

Removal of metabolic wastes.

Synthesis of plasma proteins.

Removal of drug metabolites.

Synthesis of plasma proteins.

The organs of the urinary system are

the renal cortex, renal pelvis, and renal medulla.

the glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, the nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, and the collecting duct.

a kidney, a ureter, and paired bladders and urethras.

paired kidneys, paired ureters, a bladder and a urethra.

the penis, the vagina, the uterus, and the hilum.

paired kidneys, paired ureters, a bladder and a urethra.

Kidney shrinkage with age is due to

spooling of collecting ducts.

loss of glomeruli.

merging of proximal and distal convoluted tubules.

proliferating nephron loops.

loss of fat and muscle.

loss of glomeruli.

Which of the following is an abnormal constituent of urine?

Urea

Uric acid

Creatinine

Water

None of the above

None of the above

Most hydrogen ions are secreted

passively into the proximal convoluted tubule.

passively from the distal convoluted tubule.

actively into the entire renal tubule.

actively from the distal convoluted tubule.

endocytotically in the nephron loop.

actively into the entire renal tubule.

The ________ is the tube that conveys urine outside the body.

ureter

urethra

collecting duct

afferent arteriole

nephron loop

urethra

Marvin goes on vacation to Maine and for a week eats nothing but seafood. The next week, he experiences intense pain in his big toe. He probably has

Balkan endemic nephropathy.

diuresis.

edema.

gout.

an ingrown toenail.

gout

The micturition reflex can be voluntarily controlled by the

person controlling contraction and relaxation of the pyloric sphincter valve.

sympathetic impulses stimulating the internal urethral sphincter valve.

cerebral cortex stimulating or inhibiting the external urethral sphincter valve.

voluntary contractions or inhibition of the prostate gland.

spinal cord.

cerebral cortex stimulating or inhibiting the external urethral sphincter valve.

An increase in glomerular osmotic pressure ________ the rate of glomerular filtration.

increases

decreases

does not change

has a variable effect on

stops

increases

The trigone is

a group of three neighboring nephrons in a kidney.

a triangular area on the floor of the urinary bladder.

a region where the glomerulus meets the glomerular capsule.

part of the Balkans where people developed kidney failure.

a muscle layer that surrounds each kidney.

a triangular area on the floor of the urinary bladder.

A nephron consists of

a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule.

an afferent and efferent arteriole.

a cortex and a medulla.

a bladder and a ureter.

peritubular and paratubular capillaries.

a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule

A biochemical important in glomerulus formation in the embryo is

ADH.

ADP.

renin.

aquaporin.

VEGF.

VEGF.

If glucose is not reabsorbed in the tubular fluid ___________ increases.

hydrostatic pressure

glomerular filtration rate

the rate of urine production

the osmotic concentration

none of the above.

the osmotic concentration

Nocturnal enuresis is

a type of hormone made in the heart.

bedwetting.

kidney damage from a toxin that E. coli produces.

a form of kidney cancer.

an infection.

bedwetting.

The detrusor muscle is in the

ureter.

urethra.

brain.

urinary bladder.

kidneys.

urinary bladder.

A decrease in the glomerular hydrostatic pressure of a glomerular capsule will _____ the rate of glomerular filtration.

increase

decrease

not change

have a variable effect on

stop

decrease

A renal clearance test determines the rate at which the kidneys can

excrete water.

reabsorb ions.

remove a particular substance from the blood.

restore the correct pH of the blood.

add a substance to the blood.

remove a particular substance from the blood.

Podocytes and pedicels are part of the

collecting duct.

distal convoluted tubule.

urethra.

peritubular capillaries.

glomerular capsule.

glomerular capsule.

Glomerular filtration produces about ________ liters of fluid in twenty-four hours.

40

96

144

180

240

180

Once in the glomerulus, the filtrate moves into the

renal pelvis.

renal calyx.

renal tubule.

ureter.

bladder.

renal tubule.

The ureter extends downward

behind the parietal peritoneum and joins the urinary bladder from above.

behind the parietal peritoneum and joins the urinary bladder from below.

in front of the parietal peritoneum and joins the urinary bladder from above.

in front of the parietal peritoneum and joins the urinary bladder from below.

and then loops up around the bladder.

behind the parietal peritoneum and joins the urinary bladder from below

Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy is used to treat

kidney failure.

a urinary tract infection.

kidney stones.

incontinence.

gout.

kidney stones.

Which of the following correctly lists the order of structures through which urine flows after its formation in the nephron?

calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

renal pelvis, calyx, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

renal pelvis, calyx, urethra, ureter, urinary bladder

renal pelvis, calyx, urinary bladder, ureter, urethra

glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct

calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

A by-product of amino acid catabolism in the liver is

uric acid.

urea.

ammonia.

water.

phenylalanine.

urea.

Filtration rate in the glomerulus is increased by

vasodilation of the afferent arteriole only.

vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole only.

both vasodilation and vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole.

both vasodilation of the afferent arteriole and vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole.

none of the above.

both vasodilation of the afferent arteriole and vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole.

The layers of a ureter are

outer fibrous coat, middle muscular coat, inner mucous coat.

inner fibrous coat, middle muscular coat, outer mucous coat.

inner muscular coat, middle fibrous coat, outer inner mucous coat.

inner vascular coat, middle neural coat, outer mucous coat.

the intima, the media, and the superficial layer.

outer fibrous coat, middle muscular coat, inner mucous coat.

In which of the following regions of the nephron is water actively transported?

Proximal convoluted tubule

Descending limb of the nephron loop

Collecting duct

Peritubular capillaries.

None of the above

None of the above

The first capillary bed associated with the nephron

filters.

reabsorbs nutrients.

adjusts pH.

forms urine.

reverses the flow of blood.

filters.

Which of the following is correct concerning the location of the kidneys?

The right kidney is usually higher than the left one.

They are located behind the parietal peritoneum.

Their upper borders are about at the level of the third lumbar vertebra.

They are against the anterior wall of the abdominal cavity.

None of the above.

They are located behind the parietal peritoneum.

In the disease gout, plasma has excess

uric acid.

urea.

calcium ions.

amino acids.

hemoglobin.

uric acid.

Water channels in cell membranes formed by __________ are a result of ADH signaling in the kidneys.

podocytes

cytopores

aquaporins

pyrogens

ring proteins

aquaporins

Chronic glomerulonephritis is inflammation of the

glomerular capsule.

peritubular capillaries.

glomerular capillaries.

collecting ducts.

bladder.

glomerular capillaries.

Marvin goes on vacation to Maine and for a week eats nothing but seafood. The next week, he experiences intense pain in his big toe. He probably has

Balkan endemic nephropathy.

diuresis.

edema.

gout.

an ingrown toenail.

gout.

Females are at higher risk of contracting a urinary tract infection because

the female urethra is shorter than the male's.

the female urethra is longer than the male's.

women sit down to urinate.

women use toilet paper when they urinate.

the female urethra is wider than the male's.

the female urethra is shorter than the male's.

As a consequence of widespread edema, blood volume

increases and blood pressure drops.

decreases and blood pressure drops.

increases and blood pressure rises.

decreases and blood pressure rises.

remains the same.

decreases and blood pressure drops.

Kidney cells die as early as age

20.

30.

40.

50.

60

20