Eu and return of geopolitics

Flashcards for multiple choice exam

François Duchêne (1970s)

Theorist who defined the EEC as a "civilian power"

Civilian Power (CP) Core Definition

EEC is a "civilian group of countries long on economic power and relatively short on armed force"

3 Core Characteristics of CP

Diplomatic cooperation (multilateralism), centrality of economic power (non-military), and legally-binding supranational institutions

Ian Manners (1990s-2000s)

TheorFrançois Duchêne (1970s)

Civilian Power (CP) Core Definition

EEC is a "civilian group of countries long on economic power and relatively short on armed force"

3 Core Characteristics of CP

Diplomatic cooperation (multilateralism), centrality of economic power (non-military), and legally-binding supranational institutions

Ian Manners (1990s-2000s)

Theorist who defined the EU as a "normative power"

Normative Power Europe (NPE) Definition

A power that is able ‘to shape conceptions of the normal’

NPE Core Norms

Emphasis on peace, democracy promotion, rule of law, human rights, good governance, and multilateralism

NPE Illustration (Aid)

EU and its MS are the largest provider of official development assistance (ODA) globally, providing approximately 42% of global ODA

The Brussels Effect Theorist

Anu Bradford (2020)

The Brussels Effect Mechanism

EU influences global standards due to its market size and regulatory capacity, causing third parties to voluntarily emulate EU rules

Example of Brussels Effect Adoption Date

GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation, Regulation (EU) 2016/679); adopted in 2016 and entered into force in 2018

European Political Cooperation (EPC) Birth Date

1970; the intergovernmental roots of CFSP

CFSP Birth Treaty/Date

Maastricht Treaty (1992)

CFSP Decision Rule (Maastricht)

Decision-making in the Foreign Affairs Council requires unanimity

Petersberg Tasks (1992) Core Content

Original tasks included humanitarian/rescue, peacekeeping, and combat forces (peacemaking)

Saint Malo Declaration (1998) Key Agreement

The Union must have the capacity for autonomous action, backed by credible military forces

First High Representative for CFSP

Javier Solana (appointed **1

**)

CSDP Name Change Treaty/Date

Lisbon Treaty (2007); ESDP became CSDP

Mutual Defence Provision Article

Art. 42.7 TEU (Lisbon Treaty); mandates an obligation of aid and assistance if a MS is the victim of armed aggression

Solidarity Provision Article

Art. 222 TFEU (Lisbon Treaty); mandates joint action against a terrorist attack or natural/man-made disaster

Lisbon HR Position Type

A "double-hatted position"

Strategic Autonomy (SA) Origin

Originally a French idea

SA Definition (Council, Nov 2016)

“capacity to act autonomously when and where necessary and with partners wherever possible”

Borrell’s Geopolitical Quote (2020)

The EU needs to "relearn(ing) the language of power" in foreign policy

Borrell’s SA Definition

The “ability to think for oneself and to act according to one’s own values and interests”

Macron's Sorbonne Lack (2017)

Argued Europe critically lacks a "common strategic culture"

SA Contestation Description

SA is often viewed as a concept relying on “constructive ambiguity” or an EU “buzzword”

SA Dividing Line (Security/Defence)

Europeanist vs Atlanticist viewpoints

SA Dividing Line (Economic Policies)

Liberal vs protectionist viewpoints

Inadvertent Great Power Theorists

Gehring, Urbanski, and Oberthür (2017)

Imperial Power Theorist

Raffaella A. Del Sarto (2016)

Imperial Power Core Argument

Helps resolve the false dichotomy between normative motive and instrumental (interest) motive

These flashcards are structured for high difficulty, focusing on specific details, subtle theoretical differences, treaty language, and quantitative facts that would challenge a test-taker in a multiple-choice exam.

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### Harder Multiple Choice Exam Flashcards (Term

Definition

)

Duchêne's Goal for EEC as Civilian Power

"Domesticate relations between states, including those of its own members and those with states outside its frontiers."

Warning about Civilian Power concept

Moving "from civilian to civilising" due to strong **eurocentrism**

NPE Core Norms are Embedded in these institutions

**EU treaties and policies** and in **global liberal institutions** like the **UN**

First European Development Fund (EDF) Creation Date

Created in **1959**

Formal Applicability Area of GDPR

The **European Economic Area** (EU + Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway)

Case that resulted in the 2023 biggest GDPR fine of 1.2bn euros

**Meta** (for illegally transferring data to US-based servers)

Maastricht Treaty Art. J.4(1) Ambiguity on Defence

Stated CFSP included "**the eventual framing of a common defence policy, which might in time lead to a common defense**"

CFSP Policymaking improvement introduced by Amsterdam Treaty

**"Constructive abstention"** and enhanced cooperation, aimed at solving problems of getting consensus

Saint Malo Declaration Requirement (1998)

The Union must have the **capacity for autonomous action, backed up by credible military forces,** and the **means to decide to use them**

Three CSDP/ESDP bodies integrated or reinforced by the Nice Treaty (2001)

The **Political and Security Committee (PSC)**, the **European Union Military Committee (EUMC)**, and the **European Union Military Staff (EUMS)**

Two Crises cited as the "shock" for the development of the security agenda in the 1990s

Crises in the **Balkans** and the **Kosovo War** (1998-1

)

Institutional innovation introduced by Lisbon regarding the EU governance structure

**Suppression of the pillar system**; the Community pillar became the **Ordinary Legislative Procedure (OLP)**

First High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy (post-Lisbon)

**Baronness Catherine Ashton** (2009-2014)

Original Six Member States of the ECSC (1951)

**Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands**

Realist theorist and book cited arguing the EU cannot be a pole of power

**Mearsheimer**, *The Tragedy of Great Power Politics* (2001/2003)

Neorealist explanation for the peaceful conditions enabling European integration

**Bipolarity** and the **US security umbrella** provided the "permissive conditions"

Mechanism by which the EU acts as an Inadvertent Great Power

A **cross-policy effect** where **communitarized policies (low politics)** unintentionally challenge major security interests of other great powers

Theorist of Liberal Intergovernmentalism explaining integration through domestic interests

**Andrew Moravcsik** (1993)

Del Sarto's definition of Empire (in context of EU)

A **vast, composite and ever-expanding entity, with ‘fuzzy’ borders**

Primary security interest advanced by the ENP, according to the Imperial Power critique

Creation of a **stable ‘buffer zone’** to secure **energy supply and export markets**

Label for the approach promoted by Mogherini's 2016 Global Strategy

"**Principled pragmatism**"

Initiative proposed by Macron (2017) aimed at developing a shared strategic culture

A **European intervention initiative**

Three long-term goals for Defence Europe proposed by Macron for "the beginning of the next decade"

Establishing a **common intervention force**, a **common defence budget**, and a **common doctrine for action**

The 2019-2024 Strategic Agenda commits the EU to taking greater responsibility for its own security while remaining a driving force behind this concept

**Multilateralism**

Two non-EU geopolitical catchphrases compared to the EU "buzzword" Strategic Autonomy

US **America First** and Chinese **Made in China 2025**