Quiz 1: Lung Physiology (Chapter 3)

respiratory system biological function

gas exchange

respiratory system secondary function

energy source for the production of speech (energy to push air out of the vocal tract to phonate

inspiration

active contraction of the diaphragm

tidal (quiet) inspiration

inspiration that involves minimal muscular activity, primarily that of the diaphragm

- the volume of air exchanged in 1 cycle

forced (active) inspiration

purposeful use of the muscles of inspiration to inhale more deeply

expiration

active contraction of abdominals to eliminate waste products of inspiration

- impacted by gravity

passive (quiet) expiration

elasticity of muscles restored the system to neutral following inspiration

active expiration

uses muscular effort to expel more air

respiration in infants

lungs completely fill the thorax, no residual volume (at bottom of the lungs, they use their entire lung), 25 million alveoli, 40-60 breath cycles per minute (bpm or cpm)

respiration in adults

lungs stretch to fill thorax, residual volume (we don't use), 300 million alveoli, 12-18 breath cycles per minute (bpm or cpm), tidal (quiet) respiration: 1 cycle in/out- 500mL/cc of air

respiration rate

slows down as we grow up out of childhood

3 parts of respiration

direct result of the actions of the diaphragm and muscles of respiration: ventilation, diffusion, perfusion

ventilation

movement of air in the respiratory pathway, this air is distributed to 300 million alveoli

- asthma

diffusion

pushing gas or air through the alveolar-capillary membrane

- pnemonia

perfusion

migration of gas (or fluid) through a barrier; at the level of the cell and tissue

- Renauds, peripheral artery disease (impaired blood flow)

spirometer

an instrument used to measure the air volume in the lungs that is displaced (cc, mL)

manometer

instrument to measure pressure

incentive spirometer

trying to get air deeper into the lungs to prevent pneumonia

atmospheric pressure

pressure arising from force of gravity on air molecules of atmosphere

intraoral pressure (oral pressure)

pressure within mouth

- intraoral and subglottal are same if vocal folds are open

- puff cheeks closed: increases pressure

subglottal pressure

pressure below level of vocal folds (trachea)

- stop before you cough: increases pressure

glottis

area between vocal folds

intrapleural (pleural-surface) pressure

pressure between visceral (lung) and costal (rib) pleurae

pulmoic (alveolar) pressure

pressure within the lungs and specifically in alveoli

What happens to the PRESSURE

inside the lungs when the diaphragm

contracts which pulls down and

creates more space in the

chest/abdomen?

pressure decreases and volume increases

What happens to the PRESSURE

inside the lungs when the abdominals

(and other muscles) reduce the space

of the lungs?

pressure increases and volume decreases

If you have a tidal respiration of 500mL and a Respiratory Rate of 14, what is your minute volume?

500mL x 14 = 7000mL = 7L

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

the extra volume of air that can be inhaled after the tidal volume

• used during exercise

• what lungs are capable of taking in actively

Tidal Volume (TV)

the volume of air that we take in during inspiration

- average of 525 cc in adults

• breathing in and out normally

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

the volume of air that can be expired following tidal expiration

Residual Volume (RV)

the volume of air left over in the lungs after a maximum expiration

• a little bit of air left so there’s less effort to open them back up again

Dead Space Air

the volume of air that is in the spaces in the airway passages that do not contain alveoli

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

The maximum inspiratory volume possible after tidal expiration

IC = TV + IRV

Vital Capacity (VC)

the volume of air that can be inhaled following a maximum exhalation

VC = IRV + TV + ERV

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

the volume of air in the body at the

end of passive exhalation expiratory reserve and residual volumes

FRC = ERV + RV

affects of aging on respiration: total lung capacity

tends to remain constant throughout life but function decreases with age

affects of aging on respiration: residual volume

increases with age, steady growth in the volume that is unavailable for direct gas exchange

affects of aging on respiration: lung compliance and elastcity

declines with age

variables affecting breath support for speech

changes in therapy:

- posture/position

- muscle strength

effects of posture on speech production: sitting

gravity assists breathing

- pulls the viscera (and diaphragm) down to help inspiration

- pulls the rib cage down to help (recoiling) expiration

effects of posture on speech production: supine

gravity harms breathing

- pulls the viscera (and diaphragm) toward the spine and up into chest

- harms inhalation

- not a good position for eating and drinking

effects of muscle weakness on speech production: inspiration

muscles of inspiration have decreased function

- lungs do not inflate to fullest capacity

- total lung capacity is decreased

- need to work against gravity

effects of muscle weakness on speech production: expiration

muscles of expiration have decreased function

- residual volume increases making less space in the lungs for inspiration

- prone to respiratory distress and pneumonia

effects of decreased pressures and volumes on speech production

- subglottal pressure drives the movement of the vocal folds to produce voice

- conversational speech requires a driving pressure of between 7 and 10 cm H2O.

- small and fast bursts of subglottal pressure creates syllable stress, pitch changes, and vocal intensity

- control of abdominal muscles allows for controlled exhalation for sustaining speech production

passive respiration

- inhalation = 40% of breathing cycle

- expiration = 60% of breathing cycle

respiration for speech

- inhalation = 10% of breathing cycle

- expiration = 90% of breathing cycle

the checking action that occurs during speech:

you check the flow of air out of your inflated lungs using inspiratory muscles to slowly release them and the air so we can speak

- manipulating the muscles to change the rate (slow release of diaphragm to 90% exhale to talk)

-used to slow down passive expiration

-is necessary to maintain an appropriate subglottal pressure for phonation

hypoxia

an absence of enough oxygen in the tissues to sustain bodily functions

- hyproxic brain injury: not enough oxygen going to the brain

acute conditions

sinusitis, tonsillitus, laryngitis, pneumonia

chronic conitions

COPD, asthma, lung cancer, sleep apnea