Separating and purifying

Simple distillation

One liquid from a mixture of miscible liquids of different boiling points eg separating water from ink

Fractional distillation

Separates liquids with similar boiling points eg separating nitrogen and oxygen from liquid air

Filtration

Separating insoluble solids and liquids eg seperating sand from water

Crystallisation

Separating soluble substances from saturated solutions eg producing crystals of a soluble solution (CuSo₄)

Separating funnel

Separating immiscible liquids eg oil from water

Paper chromatography

The separation of mixtures of soluble substances by running a solvent (mobile phase) through the mixture on the paper (stationary phase) which causes the substance to move at different rates over the paper

Rf value

Distance moved by substance/distance moved by solvent

Chromatogram

The pattern of spots produced when an ink separate into its different dyes

Sedimentation

Large particles settle to the bottom

Filtrating water

Remove smaller particles

Chlorination

Kills bacteria

Pure substances

Sharp melting points

Impure substances

Melt over a range of temperatures

Purifying salt water

Salt water is heated and the water turns into steam. Steam boils and condenses and is then collected. Salt is left behind