Separating and purifying

Simple distillation

One liquid from a mixture of miscible liquids of different boiling points eg separating water from ink

Fractional distillation

Separates liquids with similar boiling points eg separating nitrogen and oxygen from liquid air

Filtration

Separating insoluble solids and liquids eg seperating sand from water

Crystallisation

Separating soluble substances from saturated solutions eg producing crystals of a soluble solution (CuSo₄)

Separating funnel

Separating immiscible liquids eg oil from water

Paper chromatography

Separating the components in a mixture. Mostly used to identify what is in a mixture eg in forensic science. Eg separated components in a sample of food colouring

Stationary phase

The part of the apparatus that the solvent and dyes move up

Mobile phase

The solvent moves up the paper in chromatography

Rf value

A ratio that compares the distance moved up by a dye to the distanced moved up by the solvent

Chromatogram

The pattern of spots produced when an ink separate into its different dyes

Sedimentation

Large particles settle to the bottom

Filtrating water

Remove smaller particles

Chlorination

Kills bacteria

Pure substances

Sharp melting points

Impure substances

Melt over a range of temperatures