Sept.-3: MLT 225 Comprehensive Study Guide to ABO Discrepancies and the Rh Blood Group System Pt. 2

Rouleaux appears as pseudo-agglutination due to elevated plasma _______ levels causing red blood cells to stack.

protein

To resolve Rouleaux, a laboratory technician should perform a _______ wash of the patient red blood cells.

saline

Regardless of secretor status, ABO antigens are always expressed on _______ blood cells.

red

Acquired B antigen occurs primarily in Group $A_1$ individuals following bacterial enzymatic deacetylation of _______.

N-acetylgalactosamine

Deacetylation transforms N-acetylgalactosamine into _______, which structurally mimics galactose.

galactosamine

Blood bank interpretation results must always be documented using clear alpha character abbreviations such as POS and _______.

NEG

Plus signs ($+$) and minus signs ($-$) are strictly prohibited on official blood bank interpretation records to eliminate misreadings caused by poor _______.

handwriting

A mixed-field reaction in forward typing is frequently seen in Group A or Group B patients who have received recent transfusions of Group _______ packed red blood cells.

O

Subgroups of A can be resolved by testing patient red cells with Anti-$A_1$ lectin, derived from _______.

Dolichos biflorus

Full red blood cell engraftment following an ABO-mismatched transplant takes up to _______ months ($90\text{ days}$) to show complete conversion.

$$3$$

Rh control testing is required specifically when a patient forward-types as Group _______.

AB, D-positive

The primary diagnostic purpose of the Rh control is to rule out _______ agglutination of patient red blood cells.

spontaneous

An autologous control consists of testing patient serum/plasma against a _______ percent saline suspension of the patient's own red blood cells.

$$3\%$$

A positive reaction in the Rh-HR control indicates false-positive agglutination caused by hyperproteinemia, Rouleaux, or _______.

autoantibodies

When handwriting laboratory records, a distinct horizontal bar must be drawn directly above the lowercase _______ to prevent misinterpretation.

c

Exposure to the D antigen in a D-negative individual results in antibody formation (anti-D) in approximately _______ percent of cases.

$$65\%$$

Routine administration of _______ during pregnancy in D-negative mothers has virtually eradicated anti-D alloimmunization in females.

RhoGAM

Landsteiner's Rule regarding predictable reciprocal antibodies applies strictly to the _______ system.

ABO

Landsteiner deduced that $85\%$ of humans possessed an antigen identical to that of the _______ monkey.

Rhesus macaque

The antibody produced in the monkey immunization experiment actually recognized a separate system known as the _______ antigen system.

Landsteiner-Wiener

An LW-negative patient who forms anti-LW must be transfused with _______ red blood cell products to ensure compatibility.

D-negative

According to Tippett Theory, the gene that codes specifically for the presence of the D protein is _______.

RHD

In Wiener nomenclature, a capital $R$ indicates the presence of the _______ antigen.

D

In Wiener nomenclature, the haplotype $R_0$ corresponds to the Fisher-Race antigen combination _______.

Dce

In Wiener nomenclature, the haplotype $R_1$ corresponds to the Fisher-Race antigen combination _______.

DCe

Secretor genes $SeSe$ or $Sese$ allow the expression of ABO antigens in all body fluids except _______.

cerebrospinal fluid

Approximately _______ percent of the population possesses the secretor gene.

$$80\%$$

Transfusion practice in Great Britain (NHS) and Canada matches donors and recipients across all _______ principal Rh antigens.

five

Commercial screening cell panels utilize fixed Rh genotypes, where Screening Cell 1 is homozygous _______.

$$R_1R_1$$

In East Asian / Chinese populations, the D-positive frequency is $99\%$ with _______ being the predominant phenotype.

$$R_1R_1$$