8.1 Quiz Honors Biology, Science

1st person to see DEAD cells?

Robert Hooke

What did Robert Hooke see and do?

Saw cork using a light microscope and said it looked like the "cells" of a monastery

1st person to see LIVING micro organisms?

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

What did Anton van Leeuvanhoek see and do?

Saw pond water and dental scraping (live bacteria) said they looked like dancing animals and called them animalcules

Who said all animals are made of cells?

Theodore Schwann (schwann is German for swan)

Who was a botanist who said all plants are made of cells?

Matthias Schleiden

Who saw cell division (mitosis)?

Rudolf Virchow

What did Virchow state?

All new cells come from existing cells

Cell theory?

1. cells are the basic unit of all living things

2. cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things

3. new cells are produced from existing cells

Where & when was the 1st telescope and compound microscope invented?

1600s in Netherlands

Who made their own microscope?

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Why does no one know what Robert Hooke looked like?

Issac Newton erased Hooke's image after his death because he hated him

Light microscope

-light beam focused by glass lens

-cheap and portable

-poor magnification and resolution

Electron microscope

-electron beam focused by a magnetic fluid

-very expensive and bulky

-high magnification and resolution

What are the 2 types of electron microscopes?

transmission and scanning

TEM: internal structure

SEM: external structure

Volume increases faster than Surface Area; why?

volume is cubed, sa is squared

the bigger the cell...

the smaller the sa to volume ratio

Prokaryotic

-bacteria

-unicellular (entire cell does EVERYTHING)

-evolved first

-simple

-smaller

-does not have organelles

-single, circular chromosomes floating in cytoplasm

-does not need a mate to reproduce

-genetically identical offsprings

-little diversity

-reproduce quickly

Eukaryotic

-animals, plants, fungi

-unicellular or multicellular (made of many cells)

-complex

-bigger

-does have organelles

-multiple, linear chromosomes stored in nucleus

-need a mate to reproduce

-genetic diversity

-reproduce slowly

What do both kinds have?

-cell membrane

-cytoplasm

-DNA

-ribosomes

Rough ER

Site of protein synthesis

Smooth ER

Stores and synthesizes lipids

Golgi bodies (Golgi apparatus)

Inspects and packages proteins

Chloroplasts

Site of photosynthesis (only in plant cells)

Mitochondria

Produces ATP during cellular respiration (powerhouse of the cell)

Lysosomes

Digests food particles and debris

Plant vacuole

Storage compartment for water, food, and waste

Nucleus

Controls cell processes and stores DNA

Ribosomes

Channels proteins through the cell (site of protein synthesis)

Organelles

Structures that carry out specific functions within cells

Cell membrane

Controls what enters or exits a cell

Nucleus (nucleolus)

Organelle that makes ribosomes

Golgi body

Transports proteins and other materials around the cell

Vacuole

Storage unit for food, water, and waste

Cytoplasm

A gel-like fluid made mostly of water and salt that assists in movement

Plant cell parts

Cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, chloroplast, vacuole, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, smooth ER, rough ER

Animal cell parts

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, ribosomes, smooth ER, rough ER, centrioles

Difference between plant and animal cells

Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and large vacuoles. Animal cells have centrioles and lysosomes.

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Eukaryotic cell

Cell with a nucleus (like plant and animal cells)

Prokaryotic cells

Cells without a nucleus (like bacteria)

Centrioles

Help with cell division (found in animal cells)

Cell wall function

Provides structure and support for plant cells

Difference between rough ER and smooth ER

Rough ER has ribosomes attached and makes proteins. Smooth ER has no ribosomes and makes lipids.

Nucleolus function

Makes ribosomes inside the nucleus

ATP production

The process by which mitochondria produce ATP (energy) from glucose.

Prokaryotic cell

A cell that lacks an endoplasmic reticulum and has no nucleus.

Difference between Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek

Hooke called what he saw 'cells' while van Leeuwenhoek called them 'animalcules.' Hooke looked at dead cells and van Leeuwenhoek looked at living cells.

Features of prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells

Cell membrane, ribosomes, and DNA.

Animal cell type

Eukaryotic.

First evolved cell type

Prokaryotic.

Cell theory statement

All nonliving things are made of cells (this is FALSE - cell theory says all LIVING things are made of cells).

Characteristics of eukaryotic cells

A cell has a nucleus, is complex and large, and has membrane-bound organelles.

Microscope magnification comparison

FALSE - electron microscopes have better magnification and resolution than light microscopes.

Prokaryotic cell characteristics

A cell has circular DNA, is small and simple, and has no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.

Prokaryotic cells statement

They have a nucleus (this is FALSE - prokaryotic cells do NOT have a nucleus).

True statements about prokaryotic cells

They are generally smaller than eukaryotic cells, they have DNA, and bacteria are prokaryotic.

Virchow's contribution to cell theory

All cells come from pre-existing cells.

Light microscope usage

If you want to observe a cell moving around OR if you want to see the mitochondria.

Scanning electron microscope usage

If you want to see the external surface structure of the specimen.

Transmission electron microscope usage

If you want to see the mitochondria inside the cell.

Schleiden's statement

All plants are made of cells.

Light vs electron microscope

A light microscope uses glass lenses rather than magnetic fields.

Main categories of cells

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic.

Theodor Schwann's discovery

All animals are made of cells.

Three parts of Cell Theory

1. All living things are made of cells, 2. Cells are the basic unit of life, 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.

Robert Hooke's discovery

He discovered cells by looking at cork under a microscope.

Characteristics of prokaryotic cells

Small, simple, no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles, circular DNA.

Efficiency of cell size

Small cells are more efficient.

Reason for smaller cell efficiency

They have a higher surface area to volume ratio for exchanging materials.

Common features of all cells

Cell membrane, ribosomes, DNA, and cytoplasm.