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Solids
Arrangement of particles is close together, fixed position, and in a regular pattern.
Liquids
Arrangement of particles is random and irregular.
Gases
Arrangement of particles is far apart and randomly arranged.
Kinetic Energy
All particles (solid, liquid, or gas) are moving, and anything that moves has kinetic energy.
Melting
Change of state from solid to liquid.
Freezing
Change of state from liquid to solid.
Boiling
Change of state from liquid to gas at high temperature.
Evaporation
Slow change of state from liquid to gas, occurring only at the surface.
Condensation
Change of state from gas to liquid.
Sublimation
Change of state from solid to gas.
Deposition
Change of state from gas to solid.
Subatomic Particles
Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons.
Proton Charge
Positive charge (+1).
Neutron Charge
Neutral charge (0).
Electron Charge
Negative charge (-1).
Atomic Number
Number of protons in an atom.
Isotope
An atom of the same element with a different mass due to a different number of neutrons.
John Dalton
Proposed that everything was made of atoms; created the solid sphere model.
JJ Thompson
Discovered electrons; created the plum pudding model.
Ernest Rutherford
Discovered the nucleus; created the nuclear atom model.
Niels Bohr
Discovered electron shells; created the planetary model.
James Chadwick
Discovered neutrons; created the atomic model.
Electron Shells
Electrons in an atom are arranged in shells or energy levels.
Group Number
Indicates the number of electrons in the outermost shell.
Period Number
Indicates the total number of shells in an atom.
Noble Gases
Elements in group 0 with a full outer shell.
Element
A substance made of just one type of atom.
Molecule
A group of two or more atoms that are chemically joined.
Mixture
A combination of two or more chemical components that are not chemically linked.
Compound
A substance formed by chemically bonding two or more different elements.
Metals
Located on the left side of the periodic table from Boron to Tennessine.
Liquid Metals
Mercury and Bromine are liquid at room temperature.
John Newland
Created the first periodic table attempt, proposed the law of octaves.
Dmitri Mendeleev
Devised the modern periodic table, arranged elements by atomic mass, and predicted future elements.
