Chemistry test

Solids

Arrangement of particles is close together, fixed position, and in a regular pattern.

Liquids

Arrangement of particles is random and irregular.

Gases

Arrangement of particles is far apart and randomly arranged.

Kinetic Energy

All particles (solid, liquid, or gas) are moving, and anything that moves has kinetic energy.

Melting

Change of state from solid to liquid.

Freezing

Change of state from liquid to solid.

Boiling

Change of state from liquid to gas at high temperature.

Evaporation

Slow change of state from liquid to gas, occurring only at the surface.

Condensation

Change of state from gas to liquid.

Sublimation

Change of state from solid to gas.

Deposition

Change of state from gas to solid.

Subatomic Particles

Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons.

Proton Charge

Positive charge (+1).

Neutron Charge

Neutral charge (0).

Electron Charge

Negative charge (-1).

Atomic Number

Number of protons in an atom.

Isotope

An atom of the same element with a different mass due to a different number of neutrons.

John Dalton

Proposed that everything was made of atoms; created the solid sphere model.

JJ Thompson

Discovered electrons; created the plum pudding model.

Ernest Rutherford

Discovered the nucleus; created the nuclear atom model.

Niels Bohr

Discovered electron shells; created the planetary model.

James Chadwick

Discovered neutrons; created the atomic model.

Electron Shells

Electrons in an atom are arranged in shells or energy levels.

Group Number

Indicates the number of electrons in the outermost shell.

Period Number

Indicates the total number of shells in an atom.

Noble Gases

Elements in group 0 with a full outer shell.

Element

A substance made of just one type of atom.

Molecule

A group of two or more atoms that are chemically joined.

Mixture

A combination of two or more chemical components that are not chemically linked.

Compound

A substance formed by chemically bonding two or more different elements.

Metals

Located on the left side of the periodic table from Boron to Tennessine.

Liquid Metals

Mercury and Bromine are liquid at room temperature.

John Newland

Created the first periodic table attempt, proposed the law of octaves.

Dmitri Mendeleev

Devised the modern periodic table, arranged elements by atomic mass, and predicted future elements.