Laboratory Animal Science Review

Vivisection

The practice of performing on live animals for the purpose of the purpose of scientific research

Laboratory Animal

Any animal used in research or teaching

Vivisection

The practice of performing on live animals for the purpose of the purpose of scientific research

Laboratory Animal

Any animal used in research or teaching

Animal Model

A live animal selected as an applied research subject

Hypothesis

A proposed explanation made on the basis of limiting evidence as a starting point for further investigation

Variable

Characteristic, condition or factor being studied or treatment being applied

Gnotobiology

The study of animals with complete known flora and fauna

Animal Exploitation

Believe animals were put on earth for humans. Animals don’t have feelings. Advocates of bullfighting, dog fighting, etc

Animal Use

Believe that animals are here for use of humans but that we must be responsible about that use. See nothing wrong with using animals to better mankind as long as the use is not abusive. Hunting and fishing, breeders, eat meat & wear leather

Animal Control

Believe that laws should be written that express the sentiments of most of the population. Despite pressure from groups who believe the laws are unfair. USDA is an animal control group. AVMA believes in animal control. Not against change, if done legally

Animal Welfare

Believe people should treat each animal as kindly as possible and they should be required to do so by law. If an animal is mistreated or neglected, we have a duty to relieve animal suffering. They do not oppose well-controlled animal research of important scientific value. Believes that unwanted animals should not be used in research

Animal Rights

Believe animals have intrinsic rights just as humans. National Anti-Vivisection Society and non-euthanasia animal shelters. They will not consider euthanasia under any circumstance and believe animal research for whatever purpose should not be done

Animal Liberation

Believe animals should not be forced to work or produce for our benefit in any way. Feels that owning a pet is a form of enslavement. Activists condone and encourage civil disobedience and break-ins to garner public support for their positions

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)

The government agency that oversees the use of animals in an educational or research institution

Institute of Lab Animal Research (ILAR)

The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals in published by

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

The institutional group charged with evolution of animal use and inspection of facilities

Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC)

The group that provides voluntary accreditation of biomedical research facilities

American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine (ACLAM)

Veterinarians who have reached the highest degree of proficiency in laboratory animal medicine are board certified by

People for Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) and Animal Liberation Front (ALF)

The two most active animal liberation groups in the United States

Intrinsic Factors

Originating within the body. Includes species variations, age, sex, and genetics

Extrinsic Factors

Originating on the outside. Includes environmental temperature, environmental humidity, lighting, noise, and ventilation

Dietary Factors

Quality. Availably of sufficient amounts. Cleanliness of containers

Experimental Factors

A result of scientific research protocol utilized. Includes surgical procedures, restraint, and medication effects

Principal Investigator (PI)

Scientist that developed the hypothesis and planned the experimental design

ALAT, LAT, LATG

Certification program developed by the American Association of Laboratory Animal Science

American Association of Laboratory Animal Science

AALAS

American College of Lab Animal Medicine

ACLAM

Nuremberg Code

Voluntary consent is essential. Non-random, necessary experimentation only. Design must be based on animal research. Avoid unnecessary physical and mental suffering. No chance of death or disabling injury. Degree of risk must not exceed exceed importance of the outcome. Preparations/Facilities must protect subjects from harm. Only scientifically qualified persons can conduct experiments. Subjects are able to quit. Study must be halted if continuation is likely to result in injury

The Animal Welfare Act (AWA)

Originated in 1966. Governs the sale, handling, transport and use of animals. Sets standards of care for animals in education, research, or exhibition. Currently this applies to all warm blooded animals except for farm animals, rats, mice, cold-blooded animals, invertebrates

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

Responsible for all aspects of animal use, education, health, and compliance with all laws and regulations. The AWA requires that all animal used in research or teaching in the U.S. be approved

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)

Enforces the Animal Welfare Act

Animal and Plant Health and Inspection Service (APHIS)

Agency of the USDA. Responsible for inspecting facilities annually.

Public Health Services (PHS)

Sets specific policies on the use and care of vertebrate animals in research and education. Requires the relief of pain and suffering in the event euthanasia is necessary

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

Biomedical researchers and manufacturers are expected to adhere to strict guidelines set forth by the FDA to protect the health and safety of the general public. Enforces the Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act

Environmental Protection Agency (APA)

Can remove products from the market if the safety of that product cannot be determined. Can request specific animal safety testing under the Toxic Substances Control Act

Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC)

Enforces the Federal Hazardous Substances Act. Can ban products with the potential to cause injury to humans. Dictates which animal testing must be used when making decisions on labeling or marketing products

National Institute of Health (NIH)

Agency of the PHS. Supports and conducts biomedical research. Provides grants and contracts to support research and training in thousands of facilities worldwide. Scientists conduct research in laboratories

Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC)

A private, nonprofit organization that promotes the humane treatment of animals in science through a voluntary accreditation program. Utilizes standards in The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, known as “the guide.”

Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (ILAR)

The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, known as “the guide” was created by

Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC)

Evaluates all aspects of an animal care and use program, even those utilizing animals not covered in the AWA. Research institutions seek accreditation because it signifies a commitment to excellence. Standards for animal care, facilities, and staff are the highest in the industry. They are Lab Animal Medicines equivalent

Reduction

Use the fewest number of animals to achieve goal

Refined

Require experiments to minimize effect on an animal’s normal life

Replacement

Use simplest forms of life or models when possible

Fruit Fly

An species often used for replacement

Conventional Facility

Animal rooms open directly onto a central corridor. Special considerations required to minimize disease spread

Double-Corridor Facility

Clean/Dirty facility, traffic flow is unidirectional. Special considerations required to minimize disease spread

Barrier Facility

Used to house germ free animals. Staff shower in, wear sterile clothing

Containment Facility

Additional staff shower upon exiting facility. Disposable clothing autoclaved upon exiting. Used to house animals with infectious or zoonotic diseases

Polycarbonate

A type of plastic used for cages that is transparent and has high impact strength and resistance to high heat and chemicals

Polypropylene

Opaque material used for caging

10-15

Animal rooms must have ________ complete air changes per hour

12

Rooms must have ____ hrs of light and ____ hrs of dark

64-79 (18-26)

AWA environmental temperature standard

40-60

AWA environmental humidity standard

Conventional

Animals with undefined or unknown microflora

Axenic

Germ free, no evidence of microorganisms

Gnotobiotic

Animals with well-defined microflora

Specific Pathogen Free

Free of certain pathogens, yet undefined microflora

Rattus Norvegicus/Rattus Rattus

Major rat subgroup

Mus musculus

Major mouse subgroup

Mesocricetus Auratus/Cricetus Griseus

Major hamster subgroup

Meriones Unguiculatus

Major gerbil subgroup

Cavia Porcellus

Major guinea pig subgroup

Mustela Putorius Furo

Major ferret subgroup

Oryctolagus Cuniculus

Major rabbit subgroup

Order Prosimii

Lemurs and tree shrews

Order Anthropoidea

Lesser apes, great apes, human beings, new world and old world primates

Barriers

A biomedical facility designed for housing of germ free animals

Microenvironment

The temperature, humidity, lighting, and ventilation in the area immediately surrounding the animal

Thermoneutral Zones

The temperature range in which an animal does not need physical or chemical mechanism to control heat production or heat loss

Infectious Ward

Type of room that should be under negative air pressure

Sentinels

Animals kept in animal rooms and experiments areas that undergo periodic testing to identify the presence of any microorganisms in the animal colonies

Vivarium

An area, usually enclosed, for keeping and raising animals or plants for observation or research

Pan Troglodytes

Chimpanzees

Macaca Mulatta

Rhesus Monkey. One of the two most common species of NHP used in biomedical research.

Macaca Fasicularis

Cynomolgus Monkey. One of the two most common species of NHP used in biomedical research.

Macaca Nemestrina

Pigtailed Monkey

Papio Spp.

Baboon

Saimiri Sciureus

Squirrel Monkey

Aotus Trivirgatus

Owl Monkey

Callithrix jacchus

Common Marmoset

Ateles Spp.

Spider Monkey

New World Primate

Prehensile tails. Rounded skulls. Deciduous and permanent teeth (36)

Old World Primate

Nasal orifices close together and open down. Cheek pouches in some. Flat skulls with prominent brow ridges. Permanent teeth (32)

Interagency Primate Steering Committee (IPSC)

Established in 1974. National primate plan for research proposal review. Created to prepare a national plan for use of NHPs in research and recommendations for review of research proposals

Back of Neck, Chest

Primate SQ site

Triceps, Gluteals, or Quadriceps

Primate IM site

Cephalic or Saphenous

Primate IV site

Femoral Vein

Most common site for blood sampling in primates

Tuberculosis

Intradermal test is done on upper eyelid. Thoracic radiography

Gasteroenteritis

Diarrhea is a significant problem in colonies. Stress. Numerous bacterial agents

Filovirus

Highly contagious and 100% fatal. Related to the Ebola virus. Rodents are reservoir hosts

Retrovirus

Direct or indirect contact with infected blood and other body fluids

Malaria

Obligate intracellular parasite transmitted by a mosquito vector

Prosimii and Anthropoidea

Suborders of NHP

Ischius Callositis

Hard, keratinized pads on the buttocks of most OWPs

Squirrel Monkey

The primate species most often used for studies of atherosclerosis

Euthanasia for NHPs

Injectable barbiturate overdose. Conditionally acceptable methods requiring IACUC approval include inhalant anesthesia overdose and gas chamber asphyxiation

Shigella flexneri and Campylobacter jejuni

The bacterial agents most commonly associated with gastroenteritis in NHPs

Skin of the Upper Eyelid

The anatomic site typically used for the ID tuberculin test in NHPs

Herpes Hominis

The organism that causes oral ulcers in human beings that can cause fatal infections in some NHPs