AP Gov Unit 4

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Individualism

giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

Equality of Opportunity

the idea that all individuals should have the same chances to pursue success and achieve their goals, regardless of their background, race, gender, or socioeconomic status

Free Enterprise

an economic system where private individuals or businesses operate with minimal government intervention, allowing for competition and consumer choice to drive the market

Rule of Law

principle that all individuals and institutions, including the government, are subject to and accountable under the law

Political Socialization

process through which individuals acquire their political beliefs, values, and behaviors, shaped by various influences throughout their lives

Generational Effects

distinct attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors that are shaped by the experiences and events that influence a particular generation

Political Ideology

set of beliefs and values about the role of government, individual rights, and the economy that shape political behavior and opinions

Benchmark Polls

survey that assesses the initial level of support and knowledge for a candidate or issue at the start of a political campaign

Opinion Polls

type of survey or inquiry designed to measure the public's views regarding a particular topic

Tracking Polls

a type of poll repeated periodically with the same group of people to check and measure changes of opinion or knowledge

Exit Polls

surveys conducted with voters immediately after they have cast their ballots, aimed at predicting the outcome of an election

Party Platform

a formal set of principles and goals that outlines the party's stance on various issues, serving as a guiding framework for its policies and strategies

Fiscal Policy

the government's use of spending and taxation to influence the economy

Monetary Policy

the process by which a central bank, such as the Federal Reserve in the United States, manages the money supply and interest rates to achieve specific economic goals

Liberal Ideology

set of beliefs that emphasize individual rights, equality, and the role of government in addressing social issues

Conservative Ideology

emphasize tradition, limited government, individual liberties, and free markets while often prioritizing social stability and a hierarchical social order

Libertarian Ideology

emphasizes individual liberty, limited government, and free markets. This ideology stresses personal responsibility and the belief that government should interfere as little as possible

Federalist 10

essay written by James Madison in 1787, advocating for the ratification of the U.S. Constitution and addressing the dangers of factionalism

Brutus 1

argues against the proposed U.S. Constitution, warning that a strong central government could threaten individual liberties and state sovereignty

Federalist 51

essay written by James Madison in 1788 that discusses the necessity of checks and balances in government to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful

McCollough v. Maryland

Supreme Court case from 1819 that established the principle of federal supremacy over state laws and affirmed the constitutionality of the Second Bank of the United States

Federalist 70

an essay written by Alexander Hamilton, published in 1788, which argues for a strong executive leader in the new government of the United States

Federalist 78

essay written by Alexander Hamilton that discusses the role of the judiciary in the new American government, emphasizing its independence and the importance of judicial review

Baker v. Carr

landmark Supreme Court case from 1962 that established the principle of 'one person, one vote' in legislative redistricting

Shaw v. Reno

landmark Supreme Court case from 1993 that addressed the constitutionality of racially gerrymandered districts.

Marbury v. Madison

Supreme Court case from 1803 that established the principle of judicial review, allowing the Court to invalidate laws and executive actions that are found to be unconstitutional

US v. Lopez

Supreme Court case from 1995 that marked the first time in over half a century that the Court limited Congress's commerce power under the Commerce Clause of the Constitution