Renaissance History Midterm 2

1415

Jan Hus Burned at the Stake

1492

Columbus’ First Voyage

1494

Treaty of Tordesillas

1497-99

Vasco da Gama’s first voyage to India 

1517

Luther’s 95 Theses

1519-21

Cortés conquers the Aztecs

1521

Diet of Worms

1532-34 

Henri VIII says F*** the pope

1547

Battle of Muhlberg (Charles V defeats the Protestant Schmalkaldic League)

1555

Religious Peace of Augsburg (his realm, his religion - if you’re Catholic or Protestant)

1556

Charles V Abdicates (presumably because of Augsburg)

1559

Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis: Ended the Habsburg-Valois War - Spain definitively wins in Italy

1562

Massacre at Vassy (begining of the French Wars of Religion - barn)

1571

Battle of Lepanto: The defeat of the Ottoman Naval force sailing West by Charles V + Holy League 

1572

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre - bloody death of Protestants by Catholics and all of the Bourbon (Protestant) leaders were killed.

1576

Spanish Fury of Antwerp & Pacification of Ghent: The Netherlands signs a peace treaty with Spain (Parma restores order)

1588

The Spanish Armada is sunk

1598

Edict of Nantes (grants limited toleration to the Huguenot) and Treaty of Vervins (peace treaty between Phillip II and Henri IV)

1604

Treaty of London - Spain and England Chill!

1610

Assassination of Henri IV

Vasco Da Gama

First to chart a maritime route from Europe to India using the Cape of Good Hope. Portuguese - started the Empire.

Christopher Columbus 

We know this guy. . .Three expeditions to the new world. “established” Hispaniola. Funded by Spain, definitely a missionary, trying to get to India. 

Hernan Cortes

Responsible for the Conquest of Mexico and the fall of the Aztec Empire. He was impressed by how advanced the Aztec civilization was and compared it to cities in Europe. His conquest was unsanctioned, but gained glory under Charles V.

Francisco Pizzaro

Conquered the Incan Empire 1532-33. Also A Spaniard - Founded Lima, Peru. Advantages in technology and disease were crucial.

Ferdinand Magellan

Credited with the first circumnavigation of the Earth even though he died in process. First European to make contact with the Philippines.

Bartolomé de las Casas 

Advocated for indigenous rights to Charles V and objected to Colombus’ governance of Hispaniola. Associated with the stereotype of the “noble savage”. 

Sir Francis Drake

English Sailor and Privateer under Elizabeth. She tacitly had him sack Spanish ports in Africa to annoy Phillip II.

The Fugger Family

A German banking family who were based out of Augsburg. They managed much of Europe’s Wealth. Affiliated with the Habsburgs and replaced the Medicis.

John Wycliffe and the Lollards

Were an English group of pre-Protestants with similar views to Luther. Not successful at achieving toleration and Wycliffe’s ideas were condemned after his death.

Jan Hus/the Hussites

Had a version of pre-Protestantism in Bohemia (1415). He was executed and martyred, moving his supporters to revolt. Eventually, Hussite Religion became tolerated. 

Martin Luther

Known for his 95 Theses and (kind of incorrectly) credited with starting the Protestant Reformation. He defended Protestantism at the Diet of Worms before Charles V. - His ideas were the three alones

Disagreed with Zwingli because he supported consubstantiation - the host is Jesus but not because of a priest 

Ulrich Zwingli

Was the Swiss Counterpart to Luther - Geneva. He believed that the Eucharist was purely symbolic in contrast to Luther. He was killed in battle against a Catholic force in the 1530s.

John Calvin

French theologian influential in Geneva. He was influential for double predestination (God determines who is damned and saved - and this is BEFORE you are born). Sooo. . . Works don’t matter at all. Also, very very austere - things of this world don’t matter.

Ignatius Loyola and the Jesuits

Were a missionary group (aka. The Society of Jesus). They believed that the Pope and ONLY the Pope had authority, so they should go militantly defend the Pope and his interests.

Instrumental in the Counter-Reformation.

Theresa of Ávila

Was a very devout woman (later Saint) who believed that she had visions of Hell. This drove her to renounce Earthly Possessions and create her own order. They were scrutinized because she was a woman and they had Lutheran practices like obedience, but Phillip II recognized them.

Michel de Montaigne

French statesman. Known for creating the essay as literary form (less formal discussion). A known skeptic - very dissatisfied with the wars of religion. Wrote “On cannibals”. - At least Native Americans eat people after conflict - we are murdering people for merely their ideas.

Jean Bodin

Absolutist writer during the French Wars of Religion - he believed that sovereignty was indivisible and came from God through the ruler. States are produced through War and there is absolutely no right to rebel.

Martin Guerre

Was a true historical story where a guy returned from the 100 years war claiming to be him and took his wife and possessions . . and almost got away with it.

Clement VII

Pope 1523-34 - he was Pope during the sack of Rome. He was captured by Charles V and refused annulment to Henry VIII, kickstarting the English Reformation.

Leo X

Pope from 1513-21. He authorized the sale of indulgences for the funding of St. Peter’s Basilica, prompting Luther’s 95 Theses. 

Paul III

Pope 1534-49 Called the Council of Trent. He understands that there are problems with the Church and wants to reconcile with different groups and even the Protestants.

Paul IV

Pope 1555-59: Pretty much the opposite of predecessor. He is a staunch rejectionist who tries to stop cardinal Pole + other’s efforts at compromise. He sends out a list of prohibited books and a new inquisition.

Pius IV

(1559-65): He resumes and completes the Council of Trent which promised a lot of both reform and retrenchment - better practices with the same religious doctrines.

Henri II

Catherine de Medici’s Husband. He signed the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis with Spain, ending the Italian Wars, then died in a jousting accident leaving her to rule. 

Catherine de Medici

Served as regent and essentially ruled France in her sons’ absences. She was politique and tried in every instance to foster peace and to stop the coming French Wars of Religion.

The Guise Family

This was the ultra-Catholic family and faction in France. Their Duc caused a lot of issues: Namely the Massacre at Wassy

The Valois Family

This was the royal family - largely politique due to Catherine who was raised Catholic but close to her Protestant Aunt. She believed that the preservation of the state was more important than religion.

The Bourbon Family

Third influential family/faction in 1500s France. They were mainly Protestant and aligned with the Huguenots - at this point about 50% of the nobles.

Henri III

Not the smartest tool in the shed. . . he killed the Duc de Guise. Then the Catholics and everyone else went after him (the War of the Three Henrys) - he was killed.

Henri IV

Not related to Catherine, he (a Protestant) won the War of the Three Henrys. They weren’t letting him into his capital, so he converted to Catholicism “Paris is worth a mass”.

Marie de Medici

Henri IV’s wife - she became regent for her son Louis XIII. He wanted toleration for the Huguenot and to go to war with Spain. She reversed the toleration policies and tried to ally with Spain in the Traité de Fontainebleu (marry her son to a Spanish princess).

Ferdinand I

HRE 1556-64: He was the Charles V’s older brother and the ruler of the HRE and  Austria. Was dealing with the Ottoman Empire and France (Habsburg-Ottoman-Valois Wars). 

Phillip II

Inherited rule of Spain and Italy from Charles V. Signed Cateau-Cambrésis - this was the opportunity for domestic reform and peace. Instead, he becomes emboiled in the Dutch Revolt and the Anglo-Spanish War (sends the armada against Elizabeth). Also took over Portugal - he becomes bankrupt several times and it’s a trashfire.

Don Carlos

Was Phillip II’s heir who went crazy. He tried to murder several people (like Parma) and to become king of Dutch Empire. He was eventually imprisoned and “died”. Partly responsible for the Spanish Cruelty stereotype.

Margaret of Parma

Illegitimate daughter of Charles V, she was the governor of the Dutch during the Early stages of the revolt. The Iconoclastic Fury happened under her and the Duke of Alba (and his unpopular court) were sent to succeed her.

Allesandro Farnese, Duke of Parma

He was Phillip II’s #1 commander. He was sent to put down the Dutch Revolt, and he was doing a great job until his troops were sent to Italy and to fight in the Anglo-Spanish War. Control then slipped.

Achieved the Pacification of Ghent.

Don John of Austria

Another Illegitimate child of Charles V, he defeated the Ottomans at the Sea Battle of Lepanto in 1571.

Philip III

Finally achieved peace with England - signed the Treaty of London with James (1604). He put on the huge show for the English representatives - taking them through the country-side and doing the baptism. 

Duke of Lerma

The Minister Favorite of Phillip III. He acted as the groomer of the stole, lord high steward, and master of the horse. This allowed him to be Phillip’s right-hand man!

William of Orange “The Silent”

The unlikely leader of the Dutch Revolt. He was a loyal servant of Phillip II, but he saw the Habsburg’s imposition of taxes on the Dutch and their involvement w/Council of Blood as an infringement on Dutch Independence.

“The Archdukes”, Albert and Isabel Clara Eugenia

Archdukes who ruled the Habsburg Netherlands and Burgundy after the Pacification of Ghent. She was a candidate to inherit the English Crown after Elizabeth. 

Edward VI

Son of Henry VIII. Was a very calvinist king, but he died like immediately.

Mary I

aka. Bloody Mary, she was married to Phillip II (unpopularly) and was very Catholic.

Mary Queen of Scots

Was Elizabeth’s Cousin. She was found to be plotting against Elizabeth in the Babington Plot. Elizabeth executed her, and this really enables Phillip II to go after Elizabeth b/c now France won’t inherit.

James I & VI

Signed the Treaty of London with Spain. He didn’t want peace until Elizabeth died, because he wanted to guarantee his succession. 

Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy

The Great Western Schism

1309-1378: This was the time when the papacy moved from Rome to Avignon, France due to political instability in Rome.

1378-1417: there were multiple Popes: one in Avignon and One in Rome. Different Countries were allied to different Popes depending on political ties. Ended with the Council of Constance - Universally recognized Pope.

Anabaptists/Radical Protestants

Believed that people should only be baptized when they are old enough to choose (13ish).

sacramentalism

The belief that the sacraments were necessary to get into heaven. - Baptism, Confirmation, the Eucharist, Reconciliation (or Penance), Anointing of the Sick, Holy Orders, and Matrimony

Catholics Agree-Protestants Don’t

transubstantiation 

The believe that the wine and bread are the blood and body of Christ due to ritual. 

Catholic Justification for Heaven

Faith, Works, and Grace

Sola fide (faith), sola gratia (grace), sola scriptura (scripture)

Luther’s 3 Alones - Path to Heaven

confessionalization

the multiplicity of religious beliefs, referring to the competing Protestants (Calvinists, Lutherans, Anabaptists, etc.)

Diet of Worms

1521. Luther is called to defend himself before Charles V. He refuses to renounce his religious beliefs and he is escorted there and back by the Protestant kings in the HRE.

German Peasant’s War

1524-5: Europe-wide uprising in the language of Luther - peasants demand greater rights to hunting, lower taxes, and more. This is done in the language of Luther and emphasizes the priesthood of all believers. 

“Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants”

Luther’s reaction to the German Peasant’s war - he did not believe in resistance!

Marburg Colloquy

1529: The meeting between Luther, Zwingli, and the other major Protestant leaders. Would have have presented a united front, but they were unable to agree on the Eucharist (consubstantiation vs. just symbolic)

War of the League of Schmalkalden

The Schmalkaldic League was a collection of states in the HRE that supported Luther against Charles V and the HRE. Charles was doing a great job at putting this war down until the pope and other forces withdrew support.

Battle of Muhlberg 

1547: Charles V decisively defeats the Schmalkaldic League. 

Religious Peace of Augsburg

Final settlement between Charles and the Schmalkaldic League: Countries can choose their own religion: Catholic or Protestant.

Spirituali vs. Zelanti/Rejectionists

The first word refers to the group within the Catholic Church that wanted reform - fix absenteeism/uneducated priests etc.

The second group refers to those who wanted NO change to church structure or scripture.

Council of Trent

Started by Paull III and ended by Pius IV: 

Instituted a number of reforms against simony (selling church offices), pluralism (bishops must reside in their places of rule), and corruption/uneducated clergy (seminaries)

Retrenchment: still works, faith, and grace, still same eucharist, sacramentalism, and theology.

pluralism

the practice of Church officials holding multiple offices.

Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis

Ended the Italian wars in favor of Spain. 1559

Conspiracy of Amboise

Was the failed attempt by a Huguenot faction to control the young king Francis and get him to reverse the policies of the Catholic Duc de Guise. Guise found them out and tried them.

Colloquy of Poissy

Organized by Catherine de Medici, this meeting was an attempt to reconcile the Huguenot and Guise factions. This could have prevented the conflict, but unfortunately the Massacre at Vassy threw France into total religious war.

Edict of St. Germain

1562 The result of the Colloquy of Poissy. This granted limited toleration to the Protestants but ultimately failed.

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

1572: this was the bloodiest day in the French Wars of Religion. During the wedding of the Valois King’s sister Margaret to Henri III of Navarre, all the Protestant officials were murdered and there was an extremely bloody aftermath.

The Catholic League

Bankrolled by Phillip II, this organization sought to promote Catholicism in France and eradicate Protestantism.

Edict of Nantes

1598 Henri IV (winner of the war of the three Henris) grants toleration to the French Protestants.

The Sea Beggars

They were a group of Dutch Radical Calvinists that had sacked Spanish ports. They were harbored in England, but Elizabeth I expelled them to appease Phillip II. They then went back to the (now empty) Dutch ports and re-instigated the revolt. 

Union of Arras

This was the treaty between the southern French-Speaking (mainly) Dutch provinces. This affirmed their support of Catholicism and rejection of Calvinism.

Union of Utrecht

The response to the Roman Catholic alliance - this was the alliance between the Dutch Protestant states in the North.

Treaty of Nonsuch

1585: Elizabeth officially signs a treaty with Utrecht and pledges to support the Dutch Revolt - effectively declaring war with Spain.

Sir Francis Drake

privateer known for circumnavigation and “Singeing the King of Spain’s beard”

1588

The “Invincible” Spanish Armada

Treaty of Vervins

1598 Between Henri IV and Phillip II (Spain and France make Peace). - Remember Spain was involved in the French Wars of Religion w/ the Catholic League. 

Treaty of London

The Big treaty ending the war between England and Spain. - 1604

validos

minister-favorites

conservación

Philip III and Lerma’s policy of keeping what they can, but not trying to get more and letting go when needed.

The “Black Legend” of Spanish Cruelty

Has a lot to do with Don Carlos. Spain’s reputation for being cruel and uncompromising.