BIO121EXAM1

Greed/Self Interest Tactic

Tactic to convince people to save the planet based on their desires

Free-Market Environmentalism

Resources reflect their true cost to society Ex: include how much pollution a product caused on packaging

Moral/Ethical Approach to Environmentalism

Appeal to people's humanity and moral values Ex: Book by E.O. Wilson

Taxonomy

A branch of biology that deals with naming and classifying organisms

Systematics

The study of the evolutionary and genetic relationships among organisms

Mnemonic for Hierarchy

Dear King Phillip Came Over for Great Sex (Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Genus, Species)

Phylogenetic Tree

Graphical representation of evolutionary relationships based on similarities and differences in different traits

Molecule Choice in Taxonomy Requirements

Universal distribution, functionally similar, has homologous parts, change at a slow rate

Cytochrome C

A slowly evolving mitochondrial enzyme that is common to most organisms, can construct phylogeny by observing it, not very sensitive

DNA in Classification

A sensitive genetic marker and nucleotides change very rapidly across species

Kingdoms

Classifications based on cellular structure and mode of nutrition

Monera

All bacteria and algae, prokaryotes, unicellular, various modes of nutrition

Protista

Eukaryotes, unicellular, various modes of nutrition, protozoans

Plantae

Photo synthesizers and have cell walls (cellulose)

Fungi

Decomposers with a chitin cell wall

Animals

no cell wall, various modes of nutrition

Prokaryotes

All asexual reproduction (binary fission), have few or no organelles, circular chromosome

Eukaryotes

Asexual or sexual reproduction (mitosis and meiosis), a lot of organelles

RFL (requirements for life)

These things need to exist for life to exist

Metabolism

A chemical reaction sequence, storage and use of chemical energy, breakdown of large molecules

Reproduction

continuation of the species over time

Genetics

Need to pass information from generation to generation

Evolution

The ability to change form and function in order to adapt to changes in the environment

Growth

Can occur in a single organism, but also in population growth

Adaptation

The ability to respond to the environment on a short term basis

SCR (stressful climate reactions)

Different organisms have different solutions to problems

SCR Bacteria/Fungi

Use spores to wait out bad periods

SCR Plants

Lose leaves and go dormant

SCR Animals

Hibernate/Migrate

SCR Protozoa

Cysts

Photoautotrophs

Photosynthesizers and plants use light as an energy source

Chemoautotrophs

Use sulfur or carbon dioxide as energy by breaking covalent molecular hydrogen

Heterotrophy

Organisms get energy from outside sources

Predation

Killing and eating other organisms

Parasitism

Eating without directly killing

Detritivores

Utilize waste products an dead things

Mixotrophic

Gets energy from organic sources and photosynthesizes (Microalgae, venus fly traps)

Carbohydrates

CHO, energy source, storage unit of energy, for structural components like cellulose and chitin

Monosaccharides

Single sugar molecules

Disaccharides

Double sugar, made using a condensation/dehydration reaction

Polysaccharides

large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides

Starch

A bunch of glucose monomers stuck together, storage molecule easily degraded by enzymes

Cellulose

A bunch of glucose monomers, highly structured

Chitin

Similar to cellulose but has an amino sugar

Lipids

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Triglycerides

Called fat is solid at room temperature, oil if liquid at room temperature, composed of a glycerol and three fatty acids

Saturated Fatty Acids

Has the maximum number of hydrogens, can pack together really tightly, animal fat

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Have some double bonds, kink and do not pack well, plants, predisposes humans to cardiovascular disease

Low-density Lipoprotein (LDLs)

bad cholesterol

High-density Lipoprotein (HDLs)

good cholesterol

Phospholipids

Composed of two fatty acids and a phosphate group, hydrophilic on one end and hydrophobic on the other, important for membrane structure

Steroids

Have four fused carbon rings. Example) Testosterone

Amino Acids

Building blocks of protein, have a carboxyl group, an amino group, and a side chain

Protein Functions

Support (like in tendons), Transport (moving oxygen around the body), Movement, Defense (antibodies), Enzymatic

Primary Protein Structure

Unique Amino Acid Sequence

Secondary Protein Structure

Folding and twisting due to hydrogen bond interactions

Tertiary Protein Structure

More folding due to r-group interaction

Disulfide Interaction

Where two sulfurs bond and it changes the shape of the protein

Quaternary Structure

When multiple polypeptide chains interact together. Example) Hemoglobin

Enzymes

Proteins that change the rate of a biochemical reaction, act as catalysts to lower the energy of activation, but the change in free energy does not change

Nucleic Acids

CHONP always, polymers of nucleotides with a nitrogenous base, have a pentose sugar and a phosphate group

Pyrimidines

cytosine, thymine, uracil

Purines

Adenine and Guanine

Nucleic Acid Functions

Information Transfer, synthesis of protein, transfer of chemical energy, regulatory elements

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

Has the bases ACGT and has double strands

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

Has the bases AGCU and has a single strand

Kcal

A unit of energy to burn one kilogram of water

Glycolysis

Stage One, anaerobic, happens in the cytosol, starts with glucose and results in two pyruvates

Fermentation

Alternative to glycolysis but only gets 2 ATP

Formation of Acetyl-CoA

Happens in the mitochondria, start with 2 Pyruvate and results in two Acetyl-CoA

Krebs Citric Acid Cycle

Completing the oxidation of glucose and extracting as much energy as possible, anerobic, produces 4CO2, 2ATP, 6NADre, and 2FADre

Respiratory Electron Transport Chain

Synthesizes the ATP from energy carried by NADH and FADH in an electrochemical gradient

Cold Blooded (poikilothermic/ectothermic)

Heat needs to come from an external source, easily affected by temperature of the environment

Warm Blooded (homeothermic/endothermic)

Insulation by fat, hair, or feathers, shiver to generate movement and heat

Light Independent Reaction

Produces oxygen

Light Dependent Reaction

CO2 is reduced to sugar/carbs

Chlorophyll

The pigment in plants that absorbs light, they most often take the red/orange and the blue light

Excited Electrons

Electrons get elevated when receiving light in a plant to a higher energy level then they will go back to the ground state right away

C3 Plants

Carry out normal photosynthesis process

C4 Plants

Have a structural separation between the fixation of CO2 and making sugar. PEP combined with CO2 to form a 4C thing that transports CO2 to the bundle sheath and releases CO2

C4 Plant Process

When temperatures are high, stomata close and concentration of oxygen is high and carbon dioxide is low. Example) Corn and Sugarcane

Cam Plants

Open stomata at night and fix CO2 levels with PEP, usually in a hot and dry environment. Examples) Cacti and Pineapple

Net ATP

30 total ATP from one glucose through glycolysis and then the Krebs Cycle

Interphase

When the cell does respiration and growth, each chromosome replicates into two sister chromatids attached by a centromere, these are homologous

Prophase

First real phase of mitosis, spindles start to form, nuclear membrane starts to disappear

Metaphase

Chromatids line up on the equatorial plane, spindle fibers attach to the centromeres

Anaphase

The shortest process, chromatids move to separate sides, now called chromosomes

Telophase

Spindle fibers disappear and a membrane forms

Cytokinesis

Cytoplasm divides

Gap 1

Tiem of active growth and synthesis, checkpoint helps decide whether or not to divide, if not ready they go to G0

Gap 2

When the cell prepares to divide, short phase

Five Characteristics of Cancer

Permanent activation of oncogenes, tumor suppressing gene mutation, lilitless replicative potential, andiogenesis

Tumor Angiogenesis

Tumors are able to acquire their own blood supply

Hereditary Predisposition to Cancer

BRCA 1 genes leads to 50-80% change of breast cancer

Carcinogens

A cause of cancer, smoking for example

Meiosis

A part of sexual reproduction, reduction division of chromosomes, only happens in diploid organisms, happens in the gonads or ovaries

Interphase 1

Cells undergo a round of DNA replication, forming duplicate chromosomes

Prophase 1

Chromosomes become visible; nuclear envelope breaks down; crossing-over occurs.

Crossing Over

When chromatids exchange pieces of genetic information

Metaphase 1

Paired homologous chromosomes line up across the center of the cell