Exam 1 (1-6)

Levene

Tetranucleotide Hypothesis (1910)

Griffith

Transforming Principle (1928) - Dead harmful S cells transformed living non-harmful R cells into a virulent bacteria, mouse dies

Avery, MacLeod, McCarty

DNA as Transforming Principle I (1944) - Process of elimination: S cell sugar coat did eliminate transforming activity in R cells, nor did Trypsin and Chymotrypsin, nor did Ribonuclease (RNase). DNase, however, did eliminate the transforming activity of the S cell extract (because it ate the DNA).

Hotchkiss

DNA as Transforming Principle II (1949) - Very pure bacterial DNA could transfer penicillin resistance between bacterial strains

Hershey-Chase

DNA as Transforming Principle III (1952) - Grew bacterial cells in either radio-phosphorus (DNA) or radio-sulfur (proteins). Bacteriophages infect labeled cells to create more phages, now labeled. This is how they found that DNA was the material being injected into cells by phages, strong evidence.

Chargaff

Chargaff’s Rule (1950’s) - Discovered base pairing: AT and CG pair concentrations were the same, but two pairs did not have the same concentration.

Franklin, Wilkins

DNA Structure I (1953) - First image of DNA

Watson, Crick

DNA Structure II (1953) - Determined alpha helix shape

Helix diameter

2.0 nm

Distance between linked base pairs

0.34 nm

Height of full DNA helical turn

3.4 nm

Number of base pairs per full helical turn

10.5 bp

Chargaff’s Rule

[A] = [T], [G] = [C]

The contents of a PCR tube

Template strand, primers, dNTPs, DNAP (polymerase)

Complete PCR cycle

Denaturing (98C), Annealing (55C), Extension (72C)

Base pairs per alpha-helix turn

3.6 aa

Amino acids incorporated into the alpha helix

methionine, alanine, leucine, glutamic acid, lysine (MALEK)

Amino acids incorporated into beta-sheets

tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan (FWY)

threonine, valine, isoleucine (TVI)

Pepsin

pH-dependent enzymatic activity, located in stomach

Alkaline phosphatase

pH-dependent enzymatic activity, located in bone

Electrophoresis

Determines size of a protein:

Uses SDS detergent to coat proteins with negative charge, denaturing them via charge repulsion

Western blotting

Detects and quantifies a specific protein within a complex sample:

Makes use of an antibody raised against the protein of interest

Haploid human genome has ____ repeated rDNA genes

~200

Budding yeast centromere

Point centromere (small region)

Fission yeast centromere

Regional centromere (larger region)

Human centromere

Satellite centromere (small repeated pieces close to each-other)

C. elegens centromere

holo-centromere (spans entire chromosome)