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History of Butter Sculpting
Archaeologists claim bread and pudding were used to shape animals and humans back to the Babylonians/Romans. Butter was officially sculpted for Renaissance banquets to be eaten
Caroline Brooks
1840-1913. The first artist who didn’t use butter sculpting for food, but for real art. To promote a butter product, she butter sculpted “Dreaming Iolanthe”.
Dreaming Iolanthe
sculpted using traditional tools and bathed in ice. It was re-made a few times for the Paris World Fair.
Erika Iris Simmons
An artist specializing in using non-traditional media such as old boos, playing cards, magazines and credit cards. She created the art series “Ghost in the Machine”
Ghost in the Machine
made by Erika Iris Simmons, it portrayed old musicians using cassette tapes, and old celebrities with reel tapes
Dominique Blain
incorporates installations and photography in her work
Missa
Latin word for “mass”. The synchronicity of the 100 boots suggests the movement of military marching, expressing the dehumanization of soldiers in totalitarian regimes.
Giant Glyphs in US
found by Professor Jan Simek in a cave in Alabama, dates back to 133-433 AD. The cave ceiling is only 60 cm high, so they used photogrammetry to “lower” the cave by 4 m.
RTI
reflectance transformation imaging. Similar to photogrammetry, it can illuminate a 3D model from any angle, potentially revealing more complete and complex images. Helpful in finding light engravings of cave art.
Photogrammetry
thousands of overlapping photographs of an object or place are taken from different angles and digitally combined in 3D. Very cheap!
Diamondback rattlesnack
in Cave in Alabama
Human figure
in Cave in Alabama
Significance of Cave Art
showed that homo sapiens’ cognitive abilitily to create art was formed before they migrated from East Africa
Dating the Sulwesi cave paintings
Used uranium decay technique, taking samples of the calcite and uranium in the cave and observing the decay rate. The paintings were found to be about 25,000 years old.
Charles Darwin
The naturalist who came up with the theory of evolution, claiming that each breed evolves over years and changes its spects.
Evolution of the theory of Evolution
Darwin took a voyage on the HMS Beagle to examine flora and fauno. When they landed on the Galapagos Islands, Darwin found many distinct species of finches. This inspired his natural selection theory.
Lascaux Cave
In 1940, a dog fell through a hole, and 4 teenagers found the Lascaux cave. In 1963, it had to be closed due to the impact of visitor generated carbon dioxide and humidity.
Lascaux Cave replica
The French government invested 64 million to recreate a replica next to the cave, also recreating the emotional experience of the first discovery with attention to ambience. They had to use 3D digital scanning, and then project the images on the wall to be copied pixel by pixel.
Art in the Lascaux Caves
highly advanced techniques, involved using a magnesium pencil for intricate details
Goofy ahhh proposal to build a pyramid in Detroit
a person called ES Wheeler claimed that if 1/5 Americans stopped working for a day, they will finish the pyramid in a few days
Eiffel Tower
originally built in 1888 for the 1889 World Fair
Eiffela
Made by Philipe Maindron in April 2023, and is 1/10 the size of the original.
Lahore, Pakistan Eiffel Towe
basically a carbon copy of the Eiffel tower in Pakistan
Paris, Texas, USA Eiffel tower
a smaller Eiffel tower with a cowboy hat
Tianducheng China Eiffel Tower
In 2007, China built Tianducheng, that is trying to look like Paris. They replicated Paris’ architecture and its iconic Eiffel Tower
Tokyo, Japan Eiffel Tower
The tallest Eiffel Tower (beats the original) at 333m. It is painted in red and white in Tokyo.
Blackpool, England Eiffel Tower
Oldest Eiffel Tower replica, built just 5 years after original. It is brown on top and there is a castle like ceiling
Lyon, France Eiffel Tower
AKA the metallic Tower of Fourviere, built 3 years after the original Eiffel. Might have been a source of inspiration for Eiffel Tower?
Sydney, Australia Eiffel Tower
built on top of the AWA headquarters and serves as a radio transmission tower
Slobozia, Romania Eiffel Tower
Tiny and in an open field, built by a Romanian Billionaire
Las Vegas USA Eiffel Tower
Half of the original tower, built in an area in Las Vegas with other replicas of Paris, such as the Louvre and Arc de Triomphe
Filiatra, Greece Eiffel Tower
Filiatra, known as “Little Paris” has a tiny Eiffel Tower built in the entrance
Lithodomos
made an application that allows people to do VR on their phones. They created 300 realistic historical places people can teleport to. They are not identical but are very close.
Andrew Goldman
history professor and archaeologist used Lithodomos to let students view Pompeii and conducted a class with it
Amedeo Modigliani
Italian painter and sculptor. Known for portraits and nudes with a surreal elongation of faces, necks, and figures. They also had no eyes pupils. He died at 35. Mother helped him pursue art.
The Ochre Atelier
In London Tate Museum by Preloaded, it showcases the last studio Modigliani worked in before his death. There were no photographs, so the team used the actual space as a template, as well as first-hand accounts to reconstruct the studio. They even put in some of his artworks, even taking note of texture.
Diet of Finland
a legislative body of Finland between 1809 - 1906. With the emperor and representatives of different social classes present.
The Opening of the Diet 1863 by Alexander II’
Built by Zoan Oy. Lets audiences talk to different people present at the Diet. The VR experience forms part of a wider exhibition formed around 1860s Finland. Zoan Oy wants to make Finland the most virtual society
I came and went as a Ghost hand installation
a VR installation, with the actual room made out of triangular pieces of black foam, creating an anechoic chamber that shuts out all sound and sight
I came and Went as a Ghost Hand
Rachel Rossin. The viewer, like a ghost, cannot make contact with surroundings, which is a an abstracted copy of her studio. Rossin captured these using 3D scans, but they are fragmented and pulled apart, exploring entropy and how digital data is lost and distorted.
La Camera Insabbiata
presented by the Taipei Fine Arts Museum, by American artist and musician Laurie Anderson and Taiwanese artist Hsin-Chien Huang. It was expanded form previous piece Chalkroom and is a VR room for 4 participants, where they can travel through 8 rooms. The rooms depart from everyday logic, and it feels like you’re traveling through a dream or someone’s mind, also reflects on death.
Judith on the Red Square
1981-83 by Vitaly Komar and Alexander Malamid, a young girl holding Stalin’s decapitated head.
Femme Forte
A strong and virtuous woman, with high birth, exhibiting virtues of courage, beauty, and commitment.
Femme Fatale
a stock character of a mysterious, beautiful, and seductive woman whose charms ensnare her lovers, leading to their downfall
Evolution of Judith
Judith in the Middle Ages was a femme forte, fighting for god’s name, associated with humility and virtuosity.
In the Renaissance, Judith got bolder and more politicized, with people emphasizing her role as an underdog.
In the Late Renaissance and Baroque, she became the femme fatale, seductive, aggressive, then violent assassin.
Judith with the Head of Holofernes
Michael Wolgemut & Wilhelm Pleydenwurff, 1493. Stupid Medieval woodblock drawing of Judith. Femme Forte.
Judith and Holofernes
Giorgio Vasari 1554. Emphasizes Judith’s strong arms and angled shoulders, she was a femme forte that was physically powerful and with inner courage. She also had a sense of elegance and refinement. Her pose was copied from Michelangelo’s Sistine Chapel ceiling.
Giorgio Vasari
An Italian Renaissance painter and architect. He was a mannerist, emphasizing the concept of beauty rather than have total realism.
Judith Beheading Holofernes
1614-20cArtemesia Gentileschi, Judith is femme forte, with explicit details such as blood spraying everywhere. It was so violent that it was only with great difficulty Gentileschi’s friend Galileo got the painting sold. Seen as women overcoming male dominance, also referring to Gentileschi’s personal trauma of being Raped.
Artemesia Gentileschi
late Renaissance, early Baroque painter. Initially working in the style of Caravaggio, she is considered one of the greatest female artists. She was raped when she was 17 by mentor Tassi. Many of her works feature women from myths, allegories, and the Bible, including victims, suicides, and warriors, and also talk about the abuse of power.
Judith’s bracelet in Gentileschi’s work
a cameo of Artemis. She is the prototype of the Virgin Mary and in turn Judith, and Artemesia’s name meant gift of Artemis
Judith and Holofernes
1880 Pedro Americo: She has a look of seduction and innocence that is different from the past interpretations with dramatic violence or gore. She seems to celebrate the conquest of an oppressor.
Pedro Americo
Pedro Américo was one of the most well-respected Brazilian artists of the late 1800s. His style fused neoclassic, realistic, and romantic styles.
Judith and Holofernes
2012, Kehinde Wiley. He cast models off the street, working with Givenchy’s designer to dress them in high end fashion. Here a black woman holds a white woman’s head, showing a need to overcome white supremacy.
Kehinde Wiley
He draws from historical western art conventions and old master paintings to portray men and women of color as powerful and worthy of appearing in galleries and museums
identity art and identity politics
background rendered with intense saturation and complimentary colors (reflecting those of op art or the ‘60s)
lots of flowers
My Girl with a Pearl
The Hague’s Mauritshuis museum loaned out Girl with a Pearl earring, asking artists to imagine the piece.
A Girl with Glowing Earrings
created by AI program Midjourney and Adobe Photoshop, submitted by German AI artist Julian Van Dieken. It has a very sharp, photorealistic look.
Napoleon crossing the alps (original painting)
1801, Jacques Louis David. Napoleon refused to attend a sitting, so David asked his son to sit on top of a ladder to capture the pose. Napoleon’s features are greatly exaggerated and exhibits imperial majesty. Propaganda whoooo!!!
Jacques Louis David
French painter, also painted the Death of Marat. He was a fervent advocate of the French Revolution, and then enthusiastic supporter of Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon actually crossing the alps
The weather was actually fine, and Napoleon had rode across the Alps on a mule, a few days after his army had already gone through
Napoleon Bonaparte crossing the alps
1853, Paul Delaroche. He based his picture of an account by historian Adolphe Thiers
Washington Crossing the Delaware historical context
Emmanuel Leutze, 1776. It was dramatized to immortalize the comeback of Washington, and Leutze painted the work in Germany
Washington Crossing the Delaware innacuracies
Washington’s pose
Washington’s age
the time (it was the middle of night, not dawn)
the flag wasn’t in use
the river is not that wide
Washington crossing the Delaware (2011)
2011, Mort Kunstler talked to historians, trying to make it more accurate
flatboats with troops
pole not oar
ice sheets, not icebergs
the weather was actually a snowstorm
torch
George Washington Carver Crossing the Delaware: Page from an American History Textbook
1978, Rober Colescott. Known for its appropriation of art history, political content, and its satirical use of a cartoony style. It examines the exclusion of black narratives from America’s history.
El Morro
AKA Castillo San Felipe del Morro, is a historical fortress in San Juan, Puerto Rico. It played a crucial role in many conflicts, including Puerto Rico versus the British/Dutch. It retired in 1961, now becoming a museum
Funai Castle Lightshow
Funai Castle is a historical symbol of Christianity in Japan, built in 1607, withsdanding many wars. Only the stone foundation remains, and they used over 70,000 LED lights to mimic the original castle
3D Castles
In response to the challenges posed by the Covid pandemic, NeoMam Studios collaborated with Budget Direct to bring seven European castles back to life through virtual recreations, providing a fascinating glimpse into their rich histories.
Sambor Castle, Croatia
Built in the mid-11th century by Bohemian King Otakar II.
Overlooks a small town near Zagreb, Croatia.
Remains only showcase the foundation and guardhouse.
Used and expanded until the 1500s but eventually fell into ruin.
Menlo Castle, Ireland
Built in the 16th century for the Blake noble family.
Not used as a fortress, despite having cannons.
Destroyed by fire in 1910, leading to its present-day ivy-covered ruins.
Located near Galway’s National University of Ireland.
Olsztyn Castle, Poland
Built in the 1300s to protect against Bohemia and Silesia.
Swedish army destroyed the castle in the mid-1600s.
Ruins demolished in 1729 to build a new church.
Spis Castle, Slovakia
Built in the 1100s, now a UNESCO World Heritage site.
Marked the edge of the Hungarian Kingdom.
Handed over to brothers in the mid-1400s, leading to a revival in architecture.
Destroyed by fire in 1780, resulting in its current state of ruin.
Poenari Castle, Romania
Located on a Romanian cliff, home of Vlad the Impaler.
Vlad forced boyars to renovate the castle after funding denial in 1453
Impressive cliffside fortress with historical ties to Count Dracula.
a large earthquake and the subsequent landslide wrecked the castle badly
Dunnottar Castle, UK
Foundations built from 400s-600s AD; castle constructed in the 1300s.
Known for William Wallace reclaiming it from English occupation in 1297.
Seized by the British government in 1715 after the Earl Keith's treason conviction.
Stripped of valuables by the York Mining Company.
Château Gaillard, France
Built in just two years by Richard I, known as Richard the Lionheart.
Constructed to challenge the French, protecting Normandy.
Captured by French Philip II six years after construction.
Left in ruin by the late 1500s and eventually demolished by Henry IV of France.
Nagoya Castle revamp
Citing problems about quake resistance, Nagoya demolished the 1959 concrete main tower replica of Nagoya Castle and rebuilt it with woodwork in 2022. They say it is more durable and similar to the 1612 Tokugawa version. However, there are NO ELEVATORS! OH NO! There are also other problems, like increasing cost, delayed finish date, and that it will not be an authentic replica as they need structure reinforcements
Nagoya Castle
Originally built in 1612, it is known for golden statues of a half tiger, half fish creature
Chartes Cathedral
went through a decade of restoration that imposed a 21st century interpretation of its pre-modern interior, at the loss of its many 13th through 19th century layers.
The Venice Charter
unity of style is not the goal of restoration, the past should not be fabricated to align to imaginations
safeguard artifacts as works of art and historical evidence
Shuri Castle disaster
31. October, 2019, a massive tire burned Shuri Castle in Okinawa.
Shuri Castle history
Had been rebuilt once in 1992 before designated as a world heritage site in 2000. It is a symbol of the former Ryuku Kingdom and is important to many Okinawans. It was used as a military site in WW2 and almost demolished in the battle of Okinawa. Ryuku University was built on top of it, and they rebuilt the castle later using traditional techniques and materials.
Hiroshima Castle revamp
removed traces of modern military history, focused on a concrete reconstruction of the castle keep destroyed by the atomic bomb
Notre Dame burning
on 15 April, 2019, much of the cathedral burned down. The question is how to restore its history while stabilizing it against further degradation. For example, much of it was destroyed and restored after the French Revolution. Emmanuel Macron has promised to restore it by 2024.
Notre Dame’s collapsing spiral
It dated to 1859 and replaced a 13th century spire that was dismantled in 1789. It was not a copy of the medieval spiral, but reflected current French architecture.
Castles
built for defensive purposes and often located in strategic positions and equipped with fortifications to protect against attacks
thick walls and heavy gates
high towers and slits in walls
gatehouses
moats
Palaces
Serve no defensive purpose, instead, they are luxurious residences used to showcase wealth and power, featuring elaborate architecture and decorations
Old London Bridge
1630, Claude de Jongh, before it was burned by the great fire of London. It captures the wealthy North with large stone buildings, and the taverns, gamblind houses, and roudy building on the South bank. There are at least 3 other versions of this painting.
History of London bridge
it collapsed by being pulled down by the Saxon King Aethelred in 1014. It was also burned down during the fire of London. However, by the 1700 it was considered old fashioned, and replaced by the Westminster bridge
Old Freight Trains in Ny
a system of freight trains on street level tracks, run by NY Central Railroad. It was dangerous because people kept getting run over, so they would wave red flags to warn of incoming trains. It was stopped in 1941.
Installation of the High Line
part of the West Side Improvement project, it started in 1934 and would transfer groceries across the cities. It would sometimes even cut through buildings
Declination of the High Line
Trains diwndled in use from 1960-80s due to trucking. People wanted to demolish the tracks, but Chelsea resident Peter Obletz formed the West Side Rail Line Development Foundation, wanting to preserve the structure.
High Line Transformation
In 1999, Joshua David and Rober Hammond founded “Friends of the High Line”, advocating and maintaining the High Line as a park.
Hong Kong Kai Tak Airport
In Kowloon, closed in 1997. It had a challenging runway and you could see planes descending between skyscrapers
Hong Kong Kai Tak Airport revamp
revamped by Nan Fung development limited, it now has a 200 m skyscraper, and will have an office building and a retail complex. It is sustainable, with a sky farm, natural ventilation, and automated smart waste sorting. IT will also have HK’s first automatic bicycle parking bay.
Kai Tak’s past
industrial past and textile manufacturing hub. New textures in the new building, such as weaved pleats, fluted glass facades, and stone pavings.
Parking lots in France
All Large car parks (more than 80 vehicles) must be equipped with solar panels.
Industrial farming
people grow plants on roofs, which reduces building’s energy cost, cleans the air, and mitigates the urban heat island effect. It can be logistically tricky, though, as you need to consider the structure of the roof.
urban heat island effect
urban cities are heating up about twice as fast as the rest of the planet. This happens as cities replace natural land cover with industrialized areas that have higher energy costs.
Vegetables suited for rooftop growth
kale, collards, carrots, radishes, peppers, beans, beets, cherry tomatoes
Former Athens airport revamp (Hellinikon)
Privately funded endeavor to transform it into a smart city, with 10,000 luxury homes, casinos, a fancy hotel, and 2 million square meters of green space.