Chapter 1: First War of Independence

When did it take place?

1857

List the political causes

1. Policy of territorial Expansion
   - By wars
   - Subsidiary Alliance
   - Doctrine of Lapse

   - Alleged Misrule

2. Bahadur Shah Zafar and Nana Saheb

3. Absentee of sovereignty in India
   

Explain the Wars that took place

• Battle of Buxar (1764) - BEngl, Odisha, Bihar.

• Battle of Plassey (1757) - Bengal.

• Anglo Mysore Wars(1767 - 1799) - Mysore

• Third Anglo Maratha War (1817-18) - Maratha territories

• Second Anglo Sikh War (1849) - Punjab

Who introduced subsidiary alliance?

Lord Wellesly

What is Subsidiary Allliance

Agreement between the English East India Company and the Indian rulers

Terms under Subsidiary Alliance

• The ruler must accepth Brirish as the supreme power.

• The ruler must have a British resident in his court.

• The ruler must have British troops at their own cost.

• The ruler must surrender all foreign relationships to the Company(NO alliance with any other power and no waging wars)

• The ruler virtually lost Independence

Who was the First to Sign Subsidiary Alliance

Nawab of Awadh in 1765 ( Allahabad Treaty)

Who signed the Subsidiary alliance

Nizam of Hyderabad, Ruler of Mysore, Ruler of tanjore

Places affected by Subsidiary Alliance

Jaipur, Jodhpur, Delhi, Bhopal, Indore

Who Introduced Doctrine of Lapse?

Lord Dalhousie

What is Doctrine of lapse

It is a rule that states that any ruler dies without a male heir, his kingdom will lapse and fall under the Company’s territory.

Places Affected by Doctrine of Lapse

Jhansi - Ruler of Jhansi died and Anand Rao( adoptd son ) was not recognized as a lawful successor.

Satara, Udaipur, Nagpur.

Socio-Religious Causes

• Interference with social customs

• Corruption in Administration

• Religious Disabilities Act

• Apprehension about modern innovations

Economic Causes

• Exploitation of Economic resources

• Decay of cotton industries and Handicraft

• Economic decline of Peasantry

• Inhuman Treatment of Indigo Cultivators

Military Causes

• Ill treatment of Indian soldiers

• Lower Salaries

• General Enlistment Act

• Larger proportions of Indians in the British Army

• Deprivation of Allowances.

Immediate Cause

Introduction of the Enfield rifle and the use of animal fat in cartridges, which offended both Hindu and Muslim soldiers.