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4th carrier-room 104 185-multiple choice/matching 3-primary sources
Christopher Columbus
Caribbean1492 landed on the island of Hispaniola in the Carribian sea, afterwards Europeans steadily began crossing gate Atlantic and Americas
Declaration of Independence
written by Thomas Jefferson the original intent was to give reasons for independence but it also served as a basis for the rights that would be adopted by the country (equality, the rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness)
George Washington
when war broke out between America and Britain, America was led by
articles of confederation
as the new states gained their independence they established a new government under a constitution called, gave little power to the central government and gave states great freedom to enact their own laws
Great Compromise
Compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house
federalism
power is divided between central and state governments
Louisiana Purchase
territory sold by the French to the US and nearly doubled the size of the US
Trail of Tears
in 1838 federal troops forced many Cherokees to travel from the Southeastern US to Oklahoma with thousands dying
Abolitionists
both slaves and some northerners began arguing and resisting slavery
Suffrage
the ability to vote
Manifest Destiny
the belief that it was America's God given destiny to expand to all lands in America
Dred Scott
Supreme Court ruled his case that African Americans ere not citizens when the Constitution was established and therefore did not have the same rights under the constitution
Abraham Lincoln
Won the election of 1860
Confederate states of America
almost immediately after the election several southern states secede from the Union and form a new country
Robert E Lee
led the confederates, experienced officer form Virginia
Ulysses S Grant
Lincoln promoted him to lead the Union forces and won a series of battles
total war
a strategy where not only troops but all resources needed to feed clothe and support an army were targeted
13th amendment
made slavery illegal
Reconstruction
a period in which the federal gov. controlled the seceded states
Freedmen's Bureau
A federal agency created to provide for enslaved people who were emancipated
Andrew Johnson
The 17th president, he wanted to restore the seceded states ASAP
Black Codes
Restricted rights and opportunities. They also kept them as landless workers
14th Amendment
granted equality under law for all citizens, it burned Confederate officials from holding power in state or federal office
Military Reconstruction Act of 1867
Divided the seceded states into 5 different military districts
Impeach
the act of bringing charges against a public official in order to determine whether he or she should be removed from office
15th Amendment
Forbid the right to sufferage based on color or race
Scalawags
A negative term for Southerner whites who supported the republican party
Carpetbagger
a negative term for Northerners who moved to the south
Segregation
forced separation by race
Integration
process of bringing races, religions, and social classes together
Ku Klux Klan
A secret society formed in the south, to promote white supremacy and deny African Americans their new rights
Compromise of 1877
Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river
Rutherford B. Hayes
19th president of the United States, was a part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, the most corrupt election in US history
Jim Crow Laws
State laws passed throughput the south to enforce racial segregation of public facilities
Poll Tax
laws that required you to pay a fee to vote
Literacy Test
had to be able to read and write in order to vote
Grandfather Clause
Were allowed to vote if your ancestor could and had voted prior to 1866 or 1867
Lynch
is to be murdered by a mob without any due process
Plessy v. Ferguson
a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal
Booker T. Washington
founded Tuskegee Institute, and argued to not focus on overturning Jim Crow Laws
W.E.B. Du Bois
Argued that African Americans should argue for full equality
Ida B. Wells
she wanted to Shed light on the poor treatment of black people and the practice of lynching
Entrepreneur
People who build and manage their own businesses and enterprises to make a profit
Laissez-faire
A French word that meant "leave it alone" this is the absence of government control over personal and economic life
Protective Tariffs
Taxes on imported goods which made them cost more than goods made in the US
Patent
A grant by the federal government giving an inventor exclusive right to develop, use and sell and invention for a set period of time
Thomas Edison
American inventor who held over 100 patents, including the light bulb and the early movie camera
Alexander Graham Bell
patented the telephone
Mass Production
Provocation of goods in large numbers, quickly and inexpensively
Corporation
a form of business ownership, where several people share ownership of the business; a corporation has the same rights as an individual
John D. Rockefeller
American industrialist and philanthropist. He began the Standard Oil Company and dominated the oil industry w/ innovative and aggressive business practices
Monopoly
complete control of a product or service
Horizontal Integration
The system of a product or service
Andrew Carnegie
Began Carnegie steel. He also created Charitable trust foundation and provided money to cultural and educational institution
Vertical Integration
a system consolidating firms involved in all steps of a product's manufacture
Sweatshops
a small factory where employees work long hours under poor conditions for low wages
Socialism
an economic system that favors public rather than private, control of property and income
Ellis Island
island in New York Harbor that served as an immigration station for millions of immigrants arriving in America
Urbanization
movement of people from rural to urban areas
Skyscrapers
Tall buildings built in cities
Suburbs
Residential areas surrounding a city.
Tenement
Low-cost multi-family housing designed to squeeze as many families as possible
Gilded age
term by Mark Twain to describe the post-reconstruction era/ a facade of prosperity
Mass Culture
Similar cultural patterns throughout a society spread transportation, communication, and advertising
reservations
areas of federal land set aside for American Indians
sand creek massacre
incident in which Colorado militia attacked a camp of Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians some of who were under US army protection
fort Laramie treaty
treaty between the federal gov and the souix
the gov agreed to not build a road through their territory and abandon 3 forts and left the black hills in the souix reservation
the souix agreed to live on a reservation under federal supervision
sitting bull
A war chief and important spiritual leader who became the first-ever chief of all the Lakota Sioux bands in the 1860s.
chief Joseph
led his followers on an unsuccessful flight to escape confinement on a reservation , 1st send to Oklahoma they were eventually returned to a new reservation in Washington state however joseph was unable to secure their return to their tribal homeland
assimilate
absorb into the main culture of a society
vigilante
self-appointed law enforcer
Transcontential Railroad
Railroad line linking the eastern and western US
exodusters
African Americans who left the south and headed to the west after the civil war
spoils system
the practice of a successful political party giving public office to its supporters.
boss tweed
William Tweed, head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the Tweed Reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city
civil service
the group of people whose job it is to carry out the work of the government
populist party
political party formed in 1891 to advocate a larger money supply and other economic reforms
William Jennings Bryan
a Democratic and Populist leader who ran unsuccessfully three times for the U.S. presidency. During his career as a lawyer, politician, and speaker, he fought for reforms such as the income tax, Prohibition, and women's suffrage.
Battle of Little Bighorn
In 1876, Indian leaders Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse defeated Custer's troops who tried to force them back on to the reservation, Custer and all his men died
wounded knee
In 1890, after killing Sitting Bull, the 7th Cavalry rounded up Sioux at this place in South Dakota and 300 Natives were murdered and only a baby survived.
political machines
Corrupt organized groups that controlled political parties in the cities. A boss leads the machine and attempts to grab more votes for his party.
election of 1896
Republican William McKinley defeated Democratic-Populist "Popocrat" William Jennings Bryan. 1st election in 24 years than Republicans won a majority of the popular vote. McKinley won promoting the gold standard, pluralism, and industrial growth.
progressivism
The movement in the late 1800s to increase democracy in America by curbing the power of the corporation. It fought to end corruption in government and business, and worked to bring equal rights of women and other groups that had been left behind during the industrial revolution.
muckrakers
writer who uncovers and exposes misconduct in politics or business
Upton sinclair
novelist whose most famous work the Jungle detailed the unsanitary and unsafe conditions in Chicagos stockyards
social gospel
Reform movement that emerged in the late 19th century that sought to improve society by applying Christian principles
settlement house
A community center that provided social services to the urban poor.
Jane Addams
leader of the settlement house movement she opened hull house in Chicago
triangle shirtwaist factory
March 1911 fire in New York factory killing 146 people these deaths led to the passage of laws to make workplaces safe
17th amendment
1913 allowed citizens to approve or reject laws passed by a legislature
temperance movement
An organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption
19th amendment
Gave women the right to vote
americanization
Belief that assimilating immigrants into American society would make them more loyal citizens
national association for the advancement of colored people
organization founded to abolish segregation and discrimination and to achieve political and vivil rights for African Americans
anti defamation league
organization formed in 1913 to defend Jews against physical and verbal attacks and false statements
Theodore roosevelt
served as governor of New York before becoming vice president in 1901 Roosevelt became the youngest man to assume the presidency soon after he was known for his anti monopoly and conservation policies he made an unsuccessful bid for another term in 1912 ad the candidate of the progressive party
square deal
Roosevelts program of reforms to keep the wealthy and powerful from taking advantage of small business owners and the poor
Woodrow wilson
expanded the power of the presidency to promote a far reaching form agenda
16th amendment
1913 constitutional amendment that gave Congress the authority to levy an income tax
federal reserves act
law that placed national banks under the control of a federal reserve board which operates regional banks that hold the reserve funds from commercial banks sets interest rates and supervises commercial banks
