Ch.2 Chemistry Part D: pH, Acids, Bases, Buffers; Functional Groups; Inorganic Molecules

Flashcards cover pH concepts, acids and bases, buffers, common functional groups, and inorganic molecules from the lecture notes.

pH

A measure of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution

Neutral pH

A balance of H+ and OH−

Acid

A solute that donates hydrogen ions to a solution; proton donor

Base

A solute that removes hydrogen ions from a solution; proton acceptor

Hydroxyl group

-O-H; found in alcohols; polar; forms hydrogen bonds.

Carboxyl group

COOH; most oxidized functional group; polar; forms hydrogen bonds.

Amino group

-NH2; contains nitrogen; polar; forms hydrogen bonds

Phosphate group

–OPO3−2; usually found as ions; polar & acidic; found in DNA/RNA and ATP.

Sulfhydryl group

–S-H; thiols; basic; example: odor in skunk spray and a little in human sweat.

Inorganic molecules

Molecules not based on carbon; typically small

Hydrochloric acid (1 M)

A strong acid that dissociates completely in solution; pH ≈ 0.

Lemon juice

Typically around pH 2.

Wine

Approximately pH 2.5–3.5.

Black coffee

Approximately pH 5.

Milk

Approximately pH 6.3–6.6.

Blood

Approximately pH 7.4.

Egg white

Approximately pH 8.

Household bleach

Approximately pH 9.5.

Household ammonia

Approximately pH 10.5–11.5.

Oven cleaner (lye)

Approximately pH 13.5.

Sodium hydroxide (1 M)

Approximately pH 14.

examples of inorganic molecules

CO2, O2, H2O, and inorganic acids, bases, and salts.

components of hydroxyl groups

found in alcohols and sugars; polar; forms hydrogen bonds.