kidney, ureteral, and bladder stones

what are kidney, ureteral, and bladder stones composed of?

minerals and salts (calcium oxylate, calcium phosphate, uric acid, cystine)

what is the most common type of stone?

calcium oxylate (70-80%)

can stones be seen on x-ray?

yes

in what time frame can stones dissolve in?

2 day to 2 weeks (perfusion chemolysis)

at what size stone does a patient have a good chance of passing it without surgical intervention?

less than 5mm

staghorn stones

jagged edges, stone lodges in the renal calyces, they continue to enlarge, and can fill entire renal pelvis

bladder stones

can be the size of an orange and can fill most of the bladder

patient symptoms of renal colic

intense, intermittent pain, flank pain, fever, hematuria, inner wall spasms, caused by stone passing thru the ureter

patient symptoms of hydronephrosis

dull, constant pain, stone is blocking urine outflow from renal pelvis

what are predisposing factors for stones?

recurrent kidney infections, urinary stasis, metabolic disorders (increased calcium or uric acid such as gout or parathyroidism), prolonged bedrest, and paraplegics

what are invasive procedures to remove stones?

nephrolithotomy, ureterolithotomy, pyelithotomy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy, and perfusion chemolysis

what are semi-invasive procedures to remove stones?

cystoscopic lithotripsy and ureteroscopy with stone removal

what are non-invasive procedure to remove stones?

ESWL-extra corporeal shock wave lithotripsy

what is done before any procedure for stone removal to pinpoint the exact location of the stone?

cystoscopy

how do you care for stones?

place in a dry container, nerver place in formalin

what is done to determine what type of stone it is?

chemical analysis