Theoretical Foundation of Nursing: Nightingale, Watson, Benner

Vocabulary flashcards covering key concepts from Nightingale, Watson, and Benner theories as presented in the lecture notes.

Nightingale Environment Theory

Environment influences health; improving environmental factors promotes healing; natural laws govern healing and can be leveraged by nursing to aid recovery.

Metaparadigm: Person (Nightingale)

People are multidimensional with biological, psychological, social, and spiritual components; the person is greater than the sum of parts.

Metaparadigm: Health (Nightingale)

Health is more than absence of disease; it includes the ability to use one’s powers and function well.

Metaparadigm: Environment (Nightingale)

Environment affects health; poor environments lead to illness and disease; environments can be altered to promote healing.

Metaparadigm: Nursing (Nightingale)

Nursing is distinct from medicine; it aims to place the patient in the best possible condition for nature to act; activities that promote health in caregiving.

Ten Canons: Ventilation and warming

Adequate air flow and appropriate warmth to support health and healing.

Ten Canons: Light and noise

Control of light and noise to reduce distress and support rest and recovery.

Ten Canons: Cleanliness of the area

Maintaining clean surroundings to prevent infection and promote healing.

Ten Canons: Health of houses

Healthy housing conditions that support overall health.

Ten Canons: Bed and bedding

Comfortable, clean bed and linens to promote rest and recovery.

Ten Canons: Personal cleanliness

Hygiene of patient and caregivers as part of care.

Ten Canons: Variety

Incorporating variety in care to prevent monotony and promote well-being.

Ten Canons: Offering hope and advice

Providing encouragement and guidance to patients.

Ten Canons: Food

Nutritious, adequate food to support healing.

Ten Canons: Observation

Careful, ongoing observation of the patient to guide care decisions.

Seven Assumptions in Nightingale’s Environment Theory: Natural laws

Health and healing are governed by natural laws.

Seven Assumptions: Mankind can achieve perfection

Humans can reach an ideal health state through care and environment.

Seven Assumptions: Nursing is a calling

Nursing is a vocation with purpose beyond a job.

Seven Assumptions: Nursing is an art and a science

Nursing combines humane, artistic care with scientific knowledge.

Seven Assumptions: Nursing is achieved through environmental alteration

Environmental modification is central to nursing care.

Seven Assumptions: Nursing requires a specific educational base

Formal education is necessary to practice nursing.

Seven Assumptions: Nursing is distinct from medicine

Nursing is a separate discipline with its own goals and methods.

Environmental factors: Fresh air

Sufficient, clean air to support respiratory health.

Environmental factors: Clean water

Access to clean water essential for health and hydration.

Environmental factors: Sufficient food

Adequate nutrition necessary for healing and function.

Environmental factors: Efficient drainage

Proper drainage to prevent infection and promote health.

Environmental factors: Cleanliness of patient and environment

Hygiene and cleanliness reduce infection risk.

Environmental factors: Light (direct sunlight)

Exposure to natural light supports circadian rhythms and health.

The Ten Primary Carative Factors: 1

Formation of a humanistic-altruistic system of values.

The Ten Primary Carative Factors: 2

Installation of faith-hope essential to care and healing.

The Ten Primary Carative Factors: 3

Cultivation of sensitivity to oneself and to others.

The Ten Primary Carative Factors: 4

Development of a helping-trust relationship (congruence, empathy, warmth).

The Ten Primary Carative Factors: 5

Promotion and acceptance of expression of both positive and negative feelings.

The Ten Primary Carative Factors: 6

Systematic use of the scientific method for problem-solving and decision-making.

The Ten Primary Carative Factors: 7

Promotion of interpersonal teaching-learning.

The Ten Primary Carative Factors: 8

Provision for a supportive, protective, and/or corrective environment.

The Ten Primary Carative Factors: 9

Assistance with satisfying human needs based on a hierarchy of needs.

The Ten Primary Carative Factors: 10

Allowance for existential-phenomenological forces in care.

Dreyfus Model of Skill Acquisition

A framework with five levels: Novice, Advanced Beginner, Competent, Proficient, Expert, describing nursing skill development.

Novice

Beginner with no experience; relies on rules; rigid and theory-driven.

Advanced Beginner

Emerging sensitivity from experience; marginally acceptable performance.

Competent

Several years of experience; able to plan and set long-term goals; organized but still needs guidance.

Proficient

Holistic view of situations; uses experience to guide decisions; prioritizes patterns.

Expert

Deep, intuitive grasp of situations; fluid, flexible, highly skilled action.

Patricia Benner

Nursing theorist known for From Novice to Expert; applies the Dreyfus model to nursing practice.

From Novice to Expert (Benner)

Five-level model of clinical competence in nursing showing growth from novice to expert.

Benner’s Metaparadigm: Person

The person as a self-interpreting being, defined by lived life and engaged meaning.

Benner’s Metaparadigm: Health

Health as the lived experience of health and wholeness, not just absence of disease.

Benner’s Metaparadigm: Environment (Situation)

Environment framed as 'situation' with social meaning and interpretation by the person.

Benner’s Metaparadigm: Nursing

Nursing as an enabling condition of connection and concern, caring for the lived experiences of health and illness.

Well-being

Human experience of health or wholeness.

Illness

Human experience of loss or dysfunction.

Disease

What can be assessed at the physical level.