Anatomy Final Exam S1

Superior

toward the head

Interior

towards the feet

Anterior

To the front

Posterior

to the back

Medial

toward midline

Lateral

away midline

Proximal

close to the connection of the body part

Distal

far from the orgin of body part

Superficial

external/towards the surface

Deep

internal cut

Dorsal Body Cavities

Cranial Cavity (houses brain) and Spinal Cavity (houses spinal cord)

Ventral Body Cavity

Thoracic Cavity (houses heart, lungs, and others) and Abdominopelvic Cavity (houses digestive system/abdominal cavity and most urinary system/pelvic cavity)

Neurons

nerve cells that send messages through the body

Glia

support cells that nourish, connect, and protect neurons

Two types of Nervous Tissue

Neurons, Glia

Epithelial Cells

They line the entire body sometimes containing cilia or villi (hair-like structures) on the surface

Types of Epithelial Tissue

Simple Squamous, Stratified Squamous, Simple Cuboidal, Stratified Cuboidal, Simple Columnar, Pseudostratified Columnar

Simple Squamous

Simple Cuboidal

Simple Columnar

Stratified Squamous

Stratified Cuboidal

Stratified Columnar

Pseudostratified Columnar

Types of Muscle Tissues

Skeletal Muscle, Smooth Muscle, and Cardiac Muscle

Skeletal Muscle

moves the bones (voluntarily) striated (looks like fish in a river)

Skeletal Muscle

Smooth Muscle

works inside the body to do things involuntarily like making your heart beat and pumping blood; nuclei is within the cells and no striations

Smooth muscle

Cardiac Muscle

pumping the blood in our heart and body; short y shaped cells, striated

Cardiac Muscle

Types of Connective Tissue

Bone, Hyaline Cartilage, Dense Fibrous Connective, Blood, and Adipose Tissue

Bone

provides structure and protection to the body; looks like cut down tree trunk

Hyaline Cartilage

pre-bone; it is in the baby’s skill and their skeleton

Dense Fibrous Connective

makes up tendons and ligaments; resembles skeletal muscles but no striation, densely packed

Blood

carries oxygen to the body, removes carbon dioxide, circulates through blood vessels; small and round

Adipose Tissue

fat cells and energy storage; looks like marshmallows or balloons

Bone

Hyaline Cartilage

Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue

Blood

Adipose Tissue

Skeletal System

provides shape and movement, protects organs, produces blood cells, stores minerals

Axial Skeleton

80 bones; includes skull, ribs, spine, sternum, vertebrae, hyoid

Appendicular Skeleton

126 bones; includes upper and lower extremeties, pelvic girdle, phalanges

Parts of Skeleton System

Bones, Cartilage, and Ligaments

Bones

strong living tissue

Cartilage

tissue more flexible than bone

Ligaments

tissue that holds bones into place

Types of Bone

Long Bones, Short Bones, Flat Bones, Irregular Bones, and Sesamoid Bones

Long Bones

provides strength structure, and movement ex: ulna, femur, radius

Short Bones

cube shaped, ex: talus, capitate (carpal) bone

Flat Bones

thin, with a broad surface and often curved; used to protect organs and attach wide muscles; ex: scapula and sternum

Irregular Bones

odd-shaped bones don’t fit into any other category; variety of shapes and sizes; ex: sphenoid bone, vertebra

Sesamoid Bones

short bones that are found within tendons; ex: patella

Anatomy of a Long Bone

Proximal Epiphysis (top), diaphysis (shaft), Distal Epiphysis (bottom)

Compact bone

provides strength and protection, gives bones their smooth, white, and solid appearance, and made up of asteons

Spongy Bone

found at the ends of long bones or center of short or flat bones; contains red marrow

Ossification

the formation of bone from cartilage

Red Bone Marrow

produces blood cells in hemopoiesis; children have every bone filled with this and in adults it is found in flat bones in the skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, shoulder blades, and the pelvis

Yellow Bone Marrow

stores fat; replaces red bone marrow; found in hollow spaces of long bones

Bone Cells

Osteoblast, Osteocyte, and Osteoclast

Osteoblast

creates new bone for growth or repair

Osteocyte

maintains existing bone, has long arms to allow to communicate with others

Osteoclast

breakdown old bone; reshapes bone to repair breaks

Cervical Vertebrae

7

Thoracic Vertebrae

12

Lumbar Vertebrae

5

Sacrum

5 fused

Coccyx

4 fused

Atlas

C1 supports head

Axis

C2 pivots head

Hyoid Bone

floating bone under jaw; attachment for floor of mouth, tongue, larynx, epiglottis, and pharynx

True Ribs

pairs 1-7; connected to sternum by cartilage

False Ribs

pairs 8-12; last 2 pairs does not connect to anything at all

Sternum

head: Manubrium; body; tail: Xiphoid Process

Frontalis

raises eyebrow; on the frontal bone

Orbicularis Oculi

blinks and closes eye; below the eye

Orbicualris Oris

closes and protrudes lips; the kissing muscle; around lips/mouth

Zygomaticus Minor

elevates the upper lip; above the zygomaticus bone

Zygomaticus Major

raises corners of the mouth; the smile muscle; under the zygomatic bone

Buccinator

compresses cheek; the whistling muscle/duck-face muscle; transverse underneath the zygomaticus major and minor

Masseter

closes jaw, chewing muscle; runs up and down, around the end of the jawbone

Temporalis

closes jaw, another chewing muscle; on the side of head, the temple

Depressor Anguli Oris

pulls down the corners of mouth, frown muscle; under orbicularis oris

Sternocleidomastoid

flexes neck, rotates head; front of neck going to the back

Platysma

pulls corners of mouth widening it (sadness or fright); in front of sternocleidomastoid

Pectoralis Major

adducts and medially rotates; muscles on your chest

Pectoralis Minor

depresses and downwardly rotates scapula; near the underarm; deeper muscle

Serratus Anterior

pulls scapula anteriorly and down; attaches to the scapula and ribs

Internal Intercostals

depress ribs, decrease size of thoracic cavity (exhaling); between each rib

External Intercostals

lifts ribs, increasing size of thoracic cavity (inhaling); in between each rib on the sides

Internal Oblique

compress abdomen, flex, and rotate vertebral column; closer on the inside (abdomen)

External Obliques

rotate and flex vertebral column; closer to the surface (abdomen)

Rectus Abdominis

flexes vertebral column, walking around, and six pack; upper abdomen (abs)

Transverse Abdominis

compress abdomen; deeper muscle (abs as well)

Latissimus Dorsi

adduction, extension, and medial rotation of arm; connected to humerous

Trapezius

elevation and upward rotation of scapula, extends neck; back of neck and shoulders

Levator Scapulae

elevates the scapula, shrugging shoulders; on each side of spine