Chapter 8: Overview of the Skeleton: Classification and Structure of Bones and Cartilages

Red marrow of bones

provides a site for blood cell formation

appendicular skeleton

Bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are attached to the axial skeleton

illium

hip bone

ischium

the curved bone forming the base of each half of the pelvis.

Radius

lateral bone of the forearm

Clavicle

collar bone

Scapula

shoulder blade

Strenum

breastbone

Humerus

upper arm bone

Ulna

medial bone of the forearm

Carpals

wrist bones

Metacarpals

hand bones

Fibula

calf bone

Tarsals

ankle bones

Metatarsals

foot bones

Hyaline

most common type of cartilage

elastic cartilage

cartilage with abundant elastic fibers, flexiable

Fibrocartilage

Pads between vertebrae that are shock absorbers

Cartilage

A connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together.

Perichondruim

membrane that covers cartilage

articular cartilage

covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints

Costal cartilages

connect the ribs to the sternum

Respiratory cartilages

form the skeleton of the larynx and reinforce other respiratory passageways

nasal cartilages

support the external nose

Where can elastic cartilage be found

external ear, epiglottis

intervertebral discs

fibrocartilage pads that separate and cushion the vertebrae

Menisci

pads located in the knee joint

pubic symphysis

cartilaginous joint at which two pubic bones fuse together

Compact bone

Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone

Spongy bone

Layer of bone tissue having many small spaces and found just inside the layer of compact bone.

Long bones

longer than they are wide

Short bones

carpals and tarsals

Flat bones

thin, flattened, and usually curved

Irregular bones

vertebrae

Sesamoid bones

round bones found near joints (e.g., the patella)

sutural bones

tiny bones between cranial bones

Bone markings

reveal where muscles, tendons, and ligaments were attached and where blood vessels and nerves passed

Tuberoisty

large rounded projection

Crest

Narrow ridge of bone

Trochanter

large, rough projection

Line

Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest

Tubercle

small rounded projection

Epicondyle

Raised area on or above a condyle

Spine

sharp, slender, often pointed projection

Process

any bony prominence

Head

bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

Facet

smooth, nearly flat articular surface

Condyle

rounded articular projection

Ramus

armlike bar of bone

Fissure

Narrow, slitlike opening

Notch

indentation at the edge of a structure

Foraman

hole in a bone

Meatus

canal-like passageway

Sinus

cavity within a bone

Fossa

Shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface

Trabeculae

supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous (spongy) bone

Central canal

A tiny channel found within the spinal cord and inferior medulla oblongata

Osteon

structural unit of compact bone

circumferential lamellae

fill outer region of dense bone

Osteoctyes

mature bone cells

Lacunae

small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes

Concentric lamellae

layers of bony matrix around a central canal

Canaliculi (compact bone)

Hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal

perforating canals

Carry blood vessels into bone and marrow

Endochondral ossification

Process of transforming cartilage into bone.

Epiphysis

End potions of a long bone

Peristeum

outer layer of bone/ Two membranous sites of osteoprogenitor cells

Diaphysis

shaft of a long bone

Medullary cavity

Contains yellow marrow in adult bones

Epiphysis Line

growth plate

Function of the organic matrix in bone

Flexibility and tensile, strength, bones can bend and twist

the important organic bone components

Collagen fibers and osteocytes

function of the calcium salts

strengthen bones

Collagen

Baking removes ___ from the bone

Calcium/minerals

Bone in acid removes _____

epiphyseal face

cartilage cells at the epiphyseal side are continuing to grow and divide mitotically

diaphyseal face

aging, dying, and then osteoblasts move in to form bones.

Tibia

shin bone

pectoral girdle

clavicle and scapula

bones of the pelvic girdle

ilium, ischium, pubis

Periosteum

A dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones (except at their extremities) and serving as an attachment for tendons and muscles.

perforating fibers

secure periosteum to underlying bone

proximal epiphysis

the end of the bone located nearest to the midline of the body

Distal epiphysis

end farthest from trunk

Epiphyseal line

growth plate

Medullary cavity

cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow

Endosteum

membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone

Nutrient foramen

small opening in the middle of the external surface of the diaphysis, through which an artery enters the bone to provide nourishment

Nutrient artery

large artery that enters compact bone near the middle of the diaphysis

Articular cartilage

covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints

epiphyseal plate

growth plate

Trabeculae

supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous (spongy) bone

Canaliculi

Hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal

Perforating canals

Perpendicular to the central canal

Carry blood vessels into bone and marrow

Proliferation zone

cartilage cells undergo mitosis

hypertrophic zone

older cartilage cells enlarge

calcification zone

Surrounding cartilage matrix calcifies, chondrocytes die and deteriorate

ossification zone

new bone forms