APHG unit 3

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73 Terms

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Culture

practices, technologies, attitudes, and behaviors shared through society

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Cultural traits

Individual elements of culture and include arch as food preferences, architecture, and land use

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Custom

Practice routinely followed by a group of people

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Habit

A repetitive act that a particular individual performs

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Cultural complex

Group of traits that define a particular culture

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Cultural hearth

Area in which a unique culture or specific trait develops

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Taboo

Behaviors heavily discouraged by a culture

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Local cultures/Folk cultures

Small, homogenous, groups of people that often live in rural areas that are relatively isolated and are slow to change

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Sense of place

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Cultural regions

Broad areas where groups share similar but not identical cultural traits

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Formal region

An area that has officially recognised boundaries defining it

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Nodal/functional region

An area organized around a node or focal point

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Perceptual/vernacular region

Based on how people think of a particular area (south, east, north, and west coast of US)

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Cultural landscape

The visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape

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Ethnic enclaves

Clusters of people of the same culture, but surrounded by people of a culture that is dominant in the region

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Cultural realms

Larger area that include several regions; cultures within these realms have a few traits they all share, such as language families, religious tradition, food preferences, architecture, or a shared history

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Space time compression

The increasing sense of connectivity that seems to be bringing people closer together even though their distances are the same

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Globalization

The process of intensified interaction among people, govt, and companies of different countries around the globe

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Modern/popular/global culture

Consists of cultural traits that spread quickly across over a large area and are adopted by various groups

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Diffusion

The spreading of information, ideas, behaviours, and other aspects of culture over wider areas

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Relocation diffusion

The spread of a cultural traits by people who migrate and carry their cultural traits with them

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Expansion diffusion

The spread of cultural traits through direct or indirect exchange without migration

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Three types of expansion diffusion

Hierarchical, contagious, and stimulus

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Contagious diffusion

Occurs when cultural traits spread continuously outward from its hearth through contact among people

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Hierarchical diffusion

The spread of culture outward from the most interconnected places or from centers of wealth and importance

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Reverse hierarchical diffusion

The processes in which a trait diffuses from a lower class to a higher class

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Stimulus diffusion

Occurs when people in a culture adopt an underlying idea to process from another culture, but modify it because they reject one trait of it

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Acculturation

An ethnic or immigrant group moving to a new area adopts the values and practices of the larger group that has received them while still maintaining major elements of their own culture

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Assimilation

When an ethnic group can no longer be distinguished from the receiving group

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Multiculturalism

The coexistence of several cultures in one society, with the ideas of all cultures being valued and worth of study

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Nativist

Anti immigrant

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Relativism

Belief that moral behavior varies among individuals, groups, and cultures, as well as across situations

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Sequential occupancy

The notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape

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Centripetal forces

Forces that tend to unite or bind a state together

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Centrifugal forces

Forces that divide a state (internal religious, political, economic, linguistic, or ethnic differences

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Language family

A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history

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Language branch

A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago - differences are not as extensive or as old as with language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that the branches are derived from the same family

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Language group

A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary

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Instituitional language

A language used in education, work, mass media, and government

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Official language

The language used by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents

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Literary tradition

A language that is written as well as spoken

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Developing language

A language spoken in daily use with a literary tradition that is not widely distributed

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Vigorous language

A language that is spoken in daily use but that lacks a literary tradition

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Extinct language

A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used (such as Latin)

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Lingua Franca

A language that is adopted as a common language between speakers whose native languages are different

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Syncretism

Blending of 2 or more cultural or religious traditions

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Colonialism

Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory (settlement)

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Imperialism

Domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region (No settlements just ruling from afar)

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Urbanization

The movement of people from rural areas to cities

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Globalization

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope

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Indo-European

A family of languages consisting of most of the languages of Europe as well as those of iron, the Indian subcontinent, and their parts of Asia

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Sino-tibetan

Language area that spreads through most of southeast Asia and china and is comprised of Chinese, Burmese, Tibetan, Japanese, and korean

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Linguistic fragmentation

A condition in which many languages are spoken, each by a relatively small number number of people

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Pidgin

A language that adopts simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a Lingua franca, used for communication among speakers of two different languages

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Creole

A language that is made from the mixing of a colonizers language with he indigenous language of the people being dominated

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Universalizing religion

Religion that people all around the world practice and is spread through missionaries and conversion

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Ethnic religion

A religion that is identified with a specific ethnic group or region, and does not seek new converts

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Cultural convergence

for cultures to converge together through technology and organizational structures

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Cultural divergence

The way cultures can become increasingly different as time passes

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Polytheism

Religion that believes in more than 1 god

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Monotheism

Religions that believes in one god

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Indigenous religions

Belief systems and philosphies practiced and passed down generation to generation in tribes or people-groups

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Sect

A small group that has broken away from an established religion

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Syncretic religion

The combination of 2 different religions into a distinct new religion that contains traits of both religions

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Race

Identification of a group of people through a perceived trait, such as skin color or physical characteristics

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Ethnicity

Identification of a group of people who share a cultural tradition or a particular hearth

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Nationality

Identification of a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country

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Racism

The belief that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race

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Ethnic enclave

A place with high concentration of an ethnic group that is distinct from those in the surrounding area

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Genocide

The deliberate killing of a large people-group in attempt to erase them from existence

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Ethnic cleansing

The mass expulsion, removal, or killing of members of an unwanted ethnic or religious group in society

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Centripetal force

Binds a nation together

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Centrifugal force

Tears a nation apart