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Frost Action
Mechanical Weathering - Break off small grains to large boulders when water expands and freezes in rock pores.
Granual Disintegration
As water evaporates, crystals grow from the materials dissolved in water which force apart mineral grains.
Mechanical Weathering
When a rock breaks down into progressively smaller fragments without being altered by chemicals.
Oxydation
Metallic elements combine with oxygen to form oxides, like iron oxide (rust).heC
Chemical Weathering
When some or all the minerals in the rock are charged or decaying by agents like water, oxygen, carbon, and other organic acids.
Biological Weathering
Tree roots can exert pressure on rock.
Bacteria, algae, fungi, and lichen can chemically alter minerals.
Factors that influence weathering:
Faster weathering:
More moisture
More heat
Cold (frost action)
The minerals that make up the rock.
Igneous Rock
Forms from the cooling and crystallization of the earth’s crust.
Extrusive Igneous Rock
Formed from lava on the Earth’s surface. Cools fast = fine grain or no crystals
Intrusive Igneous Rock
Forms from magma beneath the Earths surface (intrusive)
Cools slowly → big crystals
More pressure = darker
Less pressure = lighter
Lava
Molten rock on Earth’s surface
Magma
Molten rock under Earth’s surface
Sediment
Mineral grains broken down from rock
Sedimentary Rock
Pressure from the weight or material deposited compacts and cements sediments into sedimentary rock.
Metamorphic Rock
Rocks go through intense pressure and temperature changes without having to melt. Rock is now stronger and more resistant to weathering.
O horizon
humus, workable, good porosity
A horizon
topsoil, lots of nutrients and organic material
E horizon
Extras from the topsoil leached out
B horizon (subsoil)
Accumulation of leached materials (subsoil)
R horizon
Regolith, partly broken down parent material
Note 
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