BIO Ch 14, 21, 19

Angiosperm

flowering plants; form flowers for sexual reproduction

Flowering plants like Gymnosperms

“naked seeds”; flowering plants have vascular tissues and produce seeds (ex. pine trees)

Ovules

structure in the ovary that contains a female gametophyte and develops into a seed after fertilization

Ovary

Base of a carpel (chamber) or fused carpels that contains ovules and developes into a fruit after fertilization

Economic Botany

subdiscipline of botany that deals with plants of economic importance (most are flowering plants)

Cotyledon

the seed leaf of a plant embryo, which may contain food stored for germination (since plant can’t do photosynthesis well when it germinates)

Monocot

• seeds contain a single cotyledon

• Have floral parts in 3s (ex. sepals, petals)

• Ex. grasses, orchids, irises, onions, lilies, palms

Eudicot

• seeds contain two cotyledons

• have floral parts in 4s and 5s

• ex. oaks, roses, mustards, cacti, blueberries. sunflowers

alternation of generations (sporophyte, plant itself, and gametophyte, sections of plants that create gametes)

Flowering plants undergo an….

Double fertilization

ONLY in flowering plants (no other organisms); life cycle in which there are 2 fertilizations, one results in zygote, one results in formation of endosperm (high energy for embryo)

Endosperm

The 3n nutritive tissue formed at some point in the development of all angiosperm seeds (ex. coconut)

Adaptations(/unique characteristics) of flowering plants

• reproduce sexually by forming flowers

• form seeds with fruits after double fertilization

• have efficient water-conducting elements in xylum, and and carbohydrate-conducting elements in phloem.

• have pollen grains transported by wind, water, insects, other animals, etc.

Apomixis

type of reproduction in which fruits and seeds are formed asexually

Evolution of flowering plants

• like descended from a gymnosperm with specialized features; probably arose only once

Ecosystem

The interactions of the biotic and abiotic elements of many communities

Biotic

living organisms in an ecosystem

Abiotic

non-living elements in an ecosystem such as air, water, soil, etc.

the energy production and flow through ecosystems

Ecologists study…

Producers

Primarily do photosynthesis (ex. plants)

heat

The lowest form of energy (cannot be transformed); given off by producers, consumers, and decomposers

Primary consumers

herbivores

Decomposers

Break down dead material (ex. larvae, worms, etc.)

Phytoplankton

Primary producers in marine ecosystems; photosynthetic

Energy Pyramid

Amount of energy available to organisms in an ecosystem

Trophic Level

Each step in the energy pyramid representing a step in the food chain

Metabolic Heat

heat lost as a byproduct due to a chemical reaction in cells (ex. respiration)

Nutrients

chemical elements required by organisms which are recycled and reused within an ecosystem

chlorophyll concentration decreases

When ocean temperatures increase…

Energy Capture

The trapping of light energy by producers at the base of the ecosystem’s energy pyramid

NPP

Net Primary Productivity; energy acquired through photosynthesis over a period of time, that enables a producer to grow and reproduce

Biomes

Regions of the world that have been categorized by the similarity in climate and ecological features

Mosquito-carried diseases (each disease carried by different mosquito)

Zika, Dengue Fever, West Nile Fever, Chikungunya, Yellow Fever, Malaria

Aedes Aegypti

only mosquito known to carry the Zinka Virus

Microcephaly

underdevelopment of the brain and head by 25%; birth defect caused by Zika virus

Population Ecology

Studying the structure and size of a population, and how it changes over time and space.

Population density

number of individuals per unity of area.

Genetic modification

altering genes of an organism for a specific purpose.

exponential (J-shaped curve)

Adult mosquito populations demonstrate ____ growth (doesn’t last long)

logistical (S-shaped curve)

mosquito larvae demonstrate _____ growth

Density dependent changes

when human birth/death rates change as the density of a population changes

Density-independent factors

factors that are not related to the density of the population