HAG FINAL REVIEW

Precedent

a standard set by a court case, used to make future rulings. This can be appealed in the future as the world changes

Appeal Courts

cases heard for the 2nd time to review a lower courts decision

5th Amendment/due process rights

• the right to a grand jury indictment for serious crimes

• protection against double jeopardy

• protection against self-incrimination (right to remain silent)

• Right to due process of law.

• Due process means that the government must follow fair procedures and respect all legal rights of a person.

14th Amendment protections

• Grants citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States

• guarantees equal protection of the laws and due process of law to all citizens.

Exclusionary Rule

From Mapp v. Ohio

• evidence obtained illegally cannot be used in court

Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier (1988)

• the newspaper case

• ruled that the restriction of public school newspapers does not violate the 1st amendment

Bethel v. Fraser (1986)

• freaky ahh speech

• students can’t give suggestive/inappropriate speeches, as they are distracting to the learning environment

Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)

• Established the 'Lemon Test' for determining if a government action violates the Establishment Clause.

Morse v. Frederick (2007)

• The 'Bong Hits 4 Jesus' case. (Sign)

• Ruled that schools can prohibit students from displaying messages that promote illegal drug use at school-supervised events.

• If your a student at a school event, school rules go

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Suspects must me informed of Miranda rights:

• Right to remain silent

• their right to an attorney

• and that anything they say can be used against them in court

NJ v. TLO (1985)

• girl smokes in bathroom

• Schools only need reasonable suspicion to investigate rules being broken

Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)

• symbolic speech

• Say what you want, as long as it isn’t disruptive

Mapp v Ohio (1961)

• exclusionary rule (4th amendment)

Establishment Clause

• 1st amendment

• Prohibits a national religion

Current number of Supreme Court Justices

Nine

Roper v. Simmons (2005)

• no death penalty for minors

• Think rope → choke → death

Results of the Civil War

• Abolition of slavery

• preservation of the Union

• increased power of the federal government

• and the beginning of Reconstruction.

Scott v. Sandford (1857)

• African Americans cannot be US citizens

• they are not allowed to sue in court

• and that the federal government had no power to regulate slavery in federal territories acquired after the creation of the United States.

• Also declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional.

This case was a bad one

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

separate but equal (even if water fountains are different, both parties get a water fountain)

Charles Houston

The man who “killed Jim Crow”

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson,

• segregation in public schools is unconstitutional

15th Amendment

• African men get voting rights

19th Amendment

• women can vote

24th Amendment

• no poll tax

26th Amendment

Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18.

Ku Klux Klan

A white supremacist hate group, founded after the Civil War, that used violence and intimidation to suppress the rights of African Americans and maintain white supremacy.

Reconstruction Era

Post civil war, when people were forced to integrate, reconstructing society

Jim Crow Laws

State/local laws that enforced segregation

Little Rock 9

1st 9 black students to enroll in Little Rock high school.

• they needed cops on them to escort in and out

What are the Reconstruction Amendments?

• The 13th Amendment (abolished slavery)

• 14th Amendment (granted citizenship and equal protection)

• 15th Amendment (granted voting rights to black men).

Sharecropping

former slaves rent out the land while being stuck in debt to the owners, so basically legal slavery without violence/ sightly toned down

De facto segregation

Natural segregation (no laws)

De jure segregation

Racial segregation that is mandated by law.

Murder of Emmett Till

Brutally lynched; brought attention to the severity of discrimination in the south.

• mom did the open casket to show how gruesome the damage was

Montgomery Bus Boycott

no riding busses to protest against bus segregation

Civil Rights Act of 1964

• outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

• What prevents people from employing based on race

Voting Rights Act of 1965

• no discrimination when letting people vote

• Outlawed the literacy tests and poll tax

The Jungle

• Upton Sinclair

• Exposed bad working conditions in good industry

• Provoked FDA (food and drug Administration)

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

Unsafe working conditions

• Caused many people to die in a deadly fire.

• Made the need for better working conditions

Fair Labor Standards Act (1938)

• national minimum wage

• guaranteed time-and-half for overtime in certain jobs

• prohibited oppressive child labor.

The Progressive Era

A period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States from the 1890s to the 1920s.

• mainly to eliminate issues in industry and urbanization

• Where Muckrakers come in

Feminine Mystique

Sparked other women to realize they wanted to be more than housewives

Wilson's support for women's suffrage

Supported due to Alice Paul starving herself

Alice Paul's strategy

Straight to President

• parades

• Public demos

• Picketing the White House

• and hunger strikes

Carrie Chapman Catt's strategy

State-by-state strategy

• lobbying state legislatures

• building grassroots support

• focused on working within the existing political system.

Cesar Chavez

• Formed UFW w/ Dolores Huerta

• Nonviolent tactics, such as boycotts, marches, and hunger strikes

Dolores Huerta

• Worked with Chaves for UFW

• Got contracts in English

• organizing boycotts, and advocating for improved working conditions for farmworkers.

Stonewall Riots

when police started raiding the LGBTQ+ bars, people fought back

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Approved the marriage of Same Sex couples

Bostock v. Clayton County (2020)

how people identify shouldn’t impact employment

Title IX (1972)

No discrimination by gender/sex in school

• women can play sports men do, or make a co-ed team

Don't Ask Don't Tell (DADT)

No OPENLY GAY person could serve the military, so as long as you don’t come out, you can serve

DOMA (Defense of Marriage Act, 1996)

Pre Hodges; states can deny same sex marriage.

DACA (Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals, 2012)

People who were moved here illegally by their parents (so not their choice) will not immediately be deported and can work to become a citizen

Native American issues

• Sovereignty

• treaty rights

• land rights

• economic development

• healthcare disparities

• education

• environmental justice (e.g., pipeline protests)

• missing and murdered Indigenous women

• and cultural preservation.

LGBTQ+ issues

Discrimination in

• housing

• employment

• public accommodations in many states

protection of transgender rights

• access to healthcare, participation in sports); ongoing debates about religious freedom vs. LGBTQ+ rights;

Buck v. Bell (1927)

banned sterilization (turning ppl into vegetables/ice picking their brains to prevent them from working)

• done on people THEY deemed as mentally retarde, even when they aren’t

IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, originally 1975)

Personalized programs for kids with disabilities. If teachers don’t follow school could be sued

Capital Crawl/ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act, 1990)

The 'Capital Crawl' was a protest in March 1990 where disability rights activists literally crawled up the steps of the U.S. Capitol building to demonstrate the inaccessibility of public spaces for people with disabilities.

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

no discriminating against the disabledled on the streets, in jobs, in school, etc

There's No Such Thing as a Free Lunch

A fundamental economic concept that states that everything has a cost, even if it's not immediately apparent or borne by the individual.

Scarcity

stuff is limited

Factors of Production

Land Labor Capital & Entrepreneurship

• qualities needed to produce goods/services

Land

Natural resources (e.g., fertile soil, oil, water, minerals, forests).

Labor

The human effort, skills, and abilities used in production (e.g., factory workers, teachers, doctors).

Capital

Manufactured resources used to produce other goods and services (e.g., machinery, tools, factories, computers, roads).

Entrepreneurship

The ability to combine the other factors of production to create new goods and services, take risks, and innovate (e.g., a startup founder, an inventor).

Economic Indicators

Statistics that provide information about the performance of an economy and help economists predict future economic activity.

Market System

Individuals decide what to make and sell, not the government

USA System

A mixed economy, primarily a market economy with significant government intervention and regulation.

Mixed System

An economic system that incorporates elements of both market economies and command economies.

Command System

Gov controlled economic system

Goals of Command System

Often include achieving social equality, full employment, and rapid industrialization.

Examples of Command System

Historically, the Soviet Union and North Korea are prominent examples. Cuba also operates under a command system.

Opportunity Cost

The value of the next best alternative that must be forgone when a choice is made.

Trade-off

The act of giving up one benefit in order to gain another greater benefit.

Macroeconomics

Large scale/national

Progressive Tax System

A tax system where the tax rate increases as the taxable amount increases. (Rich get more tax & poor get less)

GDP (Gross Domestic Product)

The total monetary or market value of all the finished goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period.

Counted 1st time sold.

CPI (Consumer Price Index)

Shows how average need costs change over time

• basically inflation measure

Excise Tax

A tax placed on things the government doesn’t want us using

Deficit

The amount by which spending exceeds revenue in a single fiscal year.

National Debt

Series of deficit

Sales Tax

A tax on goods and services purchased, usually a percentage of the retail price, collected by the state

Property Tax

Tax collected based on the value of one’s land.

Collected by state/local

Top Federal Tax Revenue

The largest sources of federal tax revenue in the U.S. are individual income taxes and social insurance (payroll) taxes.

Items not included in the GDP

Intermediate goods, used goods, financial transactions, unpaid household work, illegal activities, volunteer work, and transfer payments.

Recession

A significant decline in general economic activity spread across the economy, lasting more than a few months.

Types of tax

• income tax ← IRS/Fed, and most states

• Sales ← state/local

• Property ← local

• Excise ← fed state and local

• Payroll (cut from paycheck) ← fed but states have their own sometimes

• Estate ← fed

• Inheritance ← state

• Capital gain (tax on profit made when selling a product) ← fed & state as income tax