WHAP Period 4 terms: Unit 7,8,9

Turkification

An effort to make all citizens of the multiethnic empire (Ottoman) identify with Turkish culture, which was heavily Islamic.

Bolshevik

An organization representing the revolutionary working class of Russia under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin, seized power and set up a communist government with Lenin as its head.

Communists

Believed that workers eventually should own the means of production and that collective ownership would lead to collective prosperity and a just society.

Young Turks

A group of reformers who advocated for a constitution like those of the European states. They also advocated for Turkification. Some unfairly blamed the Armenians for the empire's (Ottoman) economic problems.

Mexican Revolution

Causes: Porfirio Diaz jailed Francisco Madero. There was growing opposition to Diaz's strong-armed policies, accommodation for foreign powers, and opposition to land reform.

Def: A long and bloody struggle among several factions in constantly shifting alliances which resulted in the end of the 30-year dictatorship in Mexico and the establishment of a constitutional republic

Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)

It was formed in 1929. It was widely criticized as being corrupt but it dominated Mexican politics. Until 2000, all the presidents were PRI members.

Sun Yat-sen

Leader of the Chinese nationalist party, known as the father of modern China. Influential in overthrowing the Qing dynasty and served as the first provisional president of the Republic of China.

Kemal Ataturk

Soldier, statesmen and reformer who was the founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey. He modernized the country's legal and educational systems and encouraged the adoption of a European way of life, with Turkish written in Latin alphabet and with citizens adopting European-style names.

Porfirio Diaz

soldier and president of Mexico (1877-80, 1884-1911), who established a strong centralized state that he held under firm control for more than three decades. He was a dictator.

Francisco Madero

Mexican revolutionary and president of Mexico who successfully outlasted the dictator Porfirio Diaz by temporarily unifying various democratic and anti-diaz forces. He proved incapable of controlling the reactions from both conservatives and revolutionaries that his moderate reforms provoked.

Francisco "Pancho" Villa

Mexican revolutionary and guerrilla leader who fought against the regimes of both Porfirio Diaz and Victoriano Huerta and after 1914 engaged in civil war and banditry.

Emiliano Zapata

A revolutionary leader who began the process of redistributing land to impoverished peasants.

The Great War

World War I (1914-1918). No previous war had involved as many nations from different parts of the world or killed as many soldiers or civilians.It ended with the defeat of the central powers.

Gavrilo Princip

South Slav nationalist who assassinated Archduke Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his consort, Sophie. His act gave Austria-Hungary the excuse that it had sought for opening hostilities against Serbia and thus caused WWI.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

The heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne. His assassination was the immediate cause of WWI.

Triple Entente

Britain, France, and Russia and all 3 viewed Germany as a rival. After the war began, it became known as the Allies as they were joined by Italy, Japan, China, the US, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Greece.

Triple Alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. However, in 1915, Italy switched its allegiance to the Allies. At the outbreak of the war, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined the former triple alliance, which was now called the Central Powers.

Central Powers

Formerly the Triple Alliance.

Black Hand (Serbia)

A nationalist organization devoted to ending Austro-Hungarian presence in the Balkans. From the Austro-Hungarian perspective, however, the Black hand was a terrorist group.

Militarism

defined as aggressive military preparedness. It celebrated war and armed forces.

Self-determination

The idea that people of the same ethnicity, language, culture, and political ideals should be united and should have the right to form an independent nation-state.

Conscription

compulsory enlistment in the armed forces.

Stalemate

A situation in which no further action or progress by opposing or competing parties seems possible.

Propaganda

Communication meant to influence the attitudes and opinions of a community around a particular subject by spreading inaccurate or slanted information.

Reparations

Payment for war damages

Lusitania

American boat that was sunk by the German U-boats; made America consider entering WWI

Zimmerman Telegram

German government offered to help Mexico reclaim territory it had lost to the US in 1848 is Mexico allied itself with Germany in the war. This pushed US into the war.

Total war

All resources were committed to war effort.

ANZAC

a special corps made up of Australian and New Zealand troops; fought at Gallipoli and suffered heavy losses

Gallipoli Campaign

Allied invasion of the Gallipoli Peninsula in the Straits, unprofitable fighting for months, huge casualties but the allies had to withdraw, so a large victory to Turkish forces

Paris Peace Conference

the meeting that inaugurated the international settlement after WWI.

The Big Four

Woodrow Wilson (US), David Lloyd George (Great Britain), Georges Clemenceau (France), and Vittorio Orlando (Italy).

Woodrow Wilson

28th President of the United States (1913-1921) and the leading figure at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. He was unable to persuade the U.S. Congress to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations.

David Lloyd George

Britain's prime minister at the end of World War I whose goal was to make the Germans pay for the other countries' staggering war losses

Georges Clemenceau

"tiger of France", the French prime minister who wanted to ensure that Germany would never again threaten France; at the Paris Peace Conference.

Vittorio Orlando

Italian statesman and prime minister during the concluding years of World War I and head of his country's delegation to the Versailles Peace Conference.

Fourteen Points

Wilson's principles outlining his proposals for a postwar peace settlement.

League of Nations

an organization in which all nations of the world would convene to discuss conflicts openly, as a way to avoid the simmering tensions that had caused WWI.

Treaty of Versailles

Peace document signed at the end of WWI by the Allied and associated powers and by Germany in Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles, France on June 28, 1919.

Weimer Republic

agreed to the terms of the treaty of versailles and set the stage for an extreme and militaristic political party known as the Nazis too take power.

Trench Warfare

A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield.

U-boat

a German submarine that was the first submarine employed in warfare, initially used during WW1

Deficit Spending

situation in which a government spends more money than it takes in

John Maynard Keynes

English economist, journalists and financier best known for his economic theories on the cause of prolonged unemployment. His most important work, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1935-36), advocated a remedy for economic recession based on a government-sponsored policy of full employment.By cutting taxes, governments could spur growth. He rejected laissez-fair ideals.

Collectivize

a process in which farmland was taken from private owners and given to collectives (an enterprise/group of individuals) to manage.

Kolkhoz

a group of peasants who freely joined together to farm a certain portion of land. In practice, however, peasants were forced by the state to work on a specific collective and expected to follow detailed plans and reach specific goals set by the government.

Great Depression

the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s

New Deal

Roosevelt and his backers created this group of policies and programs. It restored a sense of security as it put people back to work. It created the framework for a regulatory state that could protect the interests of all Americans, rich and poor, and thereby help the business system work in more productive ways.

New Economic Plan (NEP)

Lenin reintroduced private trade, allowing farmers to sell their products on a small scale.

Five-year plan

Stalin's economic policy to transform USSR into industrial power.

Russian Civil War

(1918-20). Conflict in which red army successfully defended the newly formed Bolshevik government led by Vladimir Lenin against various Russian and interventionist ant-Bolshevik armies.

Spanish Civil War

Military revolt against the Republican government of Spain, supported by conservative elements within the country. When an initial military coup failed to win control of the country, a bloody civil war ensued. The rebels (nationalists) were aided by Italy and Germany and the Republicans were aided by the Soviet Union. Caused by dictatorship and economic hardships.

Politburo

Russia’s communist party’s central organization that makes policies.

Fascism

Appealed to extreme nationalism, glorified the military and armed struggle, and blamed problems on ethnic minorities. They suppressed other political parties, protests, and independent trade unions. They justified violence to achieve their goals and were strongly anti-communist.

Totalitarian state

Attempts to assert total control over the lives of its citizens. It is characterized by strong central rule that attempts to control and direct all aspects of individual life through repression. It does not permit individual freedom. They usually pursue a goal to the exclusion of all others, with all resources directed towards attainment, regardless of the cost.

Popular Front

A coalition of left wing parties to lead the Spanish government. Any coalition of working-class and middle-class parties united for the defense of democratic forms against a presumed Fascist assault.

Nationalists (Spain)

The insurgents. They were the antagonists in the Spanish Civil War under Gen. Francisco Franco. They were supported by Mussolini’s Italy and Nazi Germany.

Republicans/Loyalists (Spain)

They were under Francisco Largo Caballero. They were the defenders of the newly elected Spanish government. They were supported by the Soviet Union and volunteers from Europe and North America.

Luftwaffe

Germany’s Air Force

Soviet Union/ Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R)

Former Eurasian empire consisting of 15 countries in Eastern Europe and Asia from 1922 to 1991.

Italian Somaliland

Former Italian colony in Eastern Africa. Britain invaded in 1941 and retained control until it became a UN trust territory under Italian administration in 1950. In 1960, it was united with British Somaliland to form the independent Republic of Somalia.

Spanish Republic

Formed in 1931 after King Alfonso VIII abdicated.

Hypernationalism

A belief in the superiority of one’s nation over all others and the single-minded promotion of national interests.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

32nd president.He led the US thought the Great Depression and WW2. In doing so, he greatly expanded the powers of the federal government through a series of programs and reforms known as the New Deal.

Francisco Franco

He led the nationalists during the Spanish civil war

Gulag

A system of Soviet Labor camps accompanying detention and transit camps and prisons from the 1920s to the mid-1950s that housed the prisoners of the Soviet Union.

PEMEX

AKA Petroleos Mexicanos). A state-owned Mexican company, a producer, refiner, and distributor of crude oil, natural gas, and petroleum products. It is one of the largest petroleum companies in the world.

Decolonization

Process by which colonies become independent of the colonizing country.

Mandate System

Established by the Allies through the League of Nations to rule the colonies and territories of the Central Powers. It is a method to maintain peace and promote self-determination in territories formerly governed by the Ottoman and German Empires.

Balfour Declaration

Issued by the British government stating that Palestine should become a permanent home for the Jews of Europe.

Civil disobedience

a symbolic or ritualistic violation of the law rather than a rejection of the system as a whole.A refusal to obey governmental demands or commands especially as a nonviolent and usually collective means of forcing concessions from the government.

Big Three

The peace conference’s David Lloyd George (Britain), Woodrow Wilson (US), and Georges Clemenceau (France) after Italy left.

Mohandas Gandhi

Indian lawyer, politician, social activist, and writer who became the leader of the nationalist movement against the British rule of India. He became known as the father of his country.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

A member of the Muslim minority in the largely Hindu Indian National Congress who originally favored Muslim-Hindu unity but later proposed a 2-state plan for South Asian independence.

Jawaharlal Nehru

India’s first prime minister. He was one of the prominent leaders of the Indian National Congress, having attracted the country’s intellectuals and youth into the mainstream of the movement.

Mao Zedong

The son of a prosperous peasant who was inspired by the communist revolution in Russia. He believed that China’s communist revolution could be based on the revolt of peasants. He founded the People’s Republic of China.

Chiang Kai-shek

He took control of the nationalist government after Sun Yat-sen’s death.

Pan-Arabism

An ideology that called for the unification of all lands in North Africa and the Middle East.

Indian National Congress

Formed to air grievances against the colonial government. It dominated the Indian movement for independence from Great Britain.

Satyagraha (devotion-to-truth) movement

A policy of passive political resistance. It stressed the principles of truth, tolerance and peaceful protests.

Salt March

One of Gandhi’s first campaign. British authorities had made it illegal for Indians to produce their own sea salt. The commodity was easy to make in the tropical country, but Britain wanted to make a monopoly on salt. In 1930, Gandhi led thousands of Indians to the Arabian Sea and simply picked up a few grains of salt, in defiance of Britain’s unjust edict.

March First Movement

The prospect of European support for a stronger Japan and the mysterious death of the Korean emperor caused Korean resentment to explode. On March 1, 1919, Koreans began a series of protests. The Japanese forces cracked down harshly. This demonstrated the power of Korean nationalism.

May Fourth Movement

During World War 1, China supported the Allies with the hope that they would support China’s desire to reclaim German controlled lands on the Shandong Peninsula. However, the Allies gave the land to Japan during the Paris Peace conference. Therefore, angry Chinese intellectuals staged anti-Japanese demonstrations in 1919.

Chinese communist Party (CCP)

Established in 1921. It is driven bye Marxist-Leninist ideology and restricts the rights and freedom of Chinese citizens.

Long March

A year-long 6000 mile retreat after Chiang Kaishek’s attacked Mao Zedong’s forces in 1934.

Palestine

A home for Jews in Europe.

Pakistan

A separate state from India that would include the heavily Muslim western and eastern parts of South Asia.

Amritsar Massacre

In 1919, a group of Indian nationalists gathered in Amritsar, Punjab to protest the arrest of 2 freedom fighters. Although the protests were peaceful, the British colonial government had recently made such public gatherings illegal. Armed colonial forces fired and an estimated 379 people were killed.

Manchukuo

A puppet state created in 1932 by Japan. To make Manchukuo seem like an independent Chinese state, it selected the last Chinese emperor to sit on its throne. However, it was controlled by imperial Japan.

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

Japan’s seized territories of Philippines, the Dutch East Indies, British Malaya, Burma, and numerous Pacific islands. It is the Japanese concept of a unified and self-sufficient bloc in the Asia-Pacific region under Japanese control.

Mahatma

“the great soul”

Jomo Kenyatta

The future leader of Kenya who studied in London. He helped Kenya achieve independence.

Leopold Sedar Senghor

The future leader of Senegal who studied in Paris. He was the first president of the Republic of Senegal.

Adolf Hitler

The leader of the Nazi party and a chancellor of Germany. His worldwide view revolved around 2 concepts: territorial expansion and racial supremacy. Those themes informed his decision to invade Poland, which marked the start of World War 2, as well as the systematic killing of 6 million Jews and millions of others during the Holocaust.

Neville Chamberlain

A British prime minister who argued that a policy of appeasement would keep the peace and put an end to Hitler’s demand for more land.

Sudetenland

Had a predominantly German population that was incorporated into Czechoslovakia and was given to Germany through the Munich Conference due to the process of appeasement.

Nuremberg Laws

It was passed in 1935 and forbade marriage between Jews and gentiles (non-Jewish people), stripped Jews of their citizenship, and unleashed a series of subsequent decrees that effectively pushed Jews to the margins of German society

Anschluss

A political union of Austria with Germany through annexation by Adolf Hitler in 1938.

Munich Agreement

Allowed Hitler to annex the Sudetenland in return for a promise that Germany would not take over any more Czech territory. The agreement was between Germany, Great Britain, France and Italy.

Rome-Berlin Axis

Germany’s military pact with Fascist Italy formed in October 1936.