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18 Terms

1

What can babies distinguish in utero regarding language characteristics?

They can distinguish familiar voices from unfamiliar ones, familiar books from unfamiliar ones, and phonemes from their native language from non-native ones.

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2

What is myelination?

The formation of a fatty sheath around the axons of a neuron.

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3

What stage do infants reach cooing, and what characterizes it?

Cooing occurs at 2-3 months and is largely universal, not affected by language experience.

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4

What is vocal play in infants and when does it occur?

Vocal play occurs at 4-6 months and involves modulating loudness and pitch; it's largely universal.

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5

What characterizes canonical babbling in infants?

Occurs at 7-9 months; it involves vocalizations that sound language-like and typically includes identifiable phonemes and reduplication.

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6

What happens to babies' ability to perceive phonetic distinctions after 8 months?

They start losing the ability to recognize phonetic distinctions not present in their native language.

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7

What is apraxia?

A difficulty planning motor activity generally affecting articulation and/or prosody.

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8

What are dysarthrias?

Difficulties executing and/or controlling motor activity.

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9

What characterizes hyperkinetic dysarthria?

Involuntary movements added to normal speech production.

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10

What are some features of hypokinetic dysarthria?

Resting tremors, hoarse and/or quiet voice, difficulty starting speaking, and flat prosody.

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11

How does hyperkinetic dysarthria differ from hypokinetic dysarthria?

Hyperkinetic is due to overactivation, while hypokinetic results from decreased activation of dopaminergic pathways.

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12

What is ataxic dysarthria often described as?

'Drunk' speech, characterized by irregular articulation problems.

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13

What leads to spastic dysarthria?

Bilateral damage to the neurons that feed into the cranial nerves.

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14

What is the effect of unilateral trigeminal nerve damage on speech?

No significant speech disorders may occur.

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15

How does facial nerve (CN VII) damage affect speech?

Affects facial expression and control of the mouth/lips, leading to distorted speech production.

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16

What are the characteristics of flaccid dysarthria involving the vagus nerve?

Vocals fold paralysis, diplophonia, monopitch control, hypernasality, and stridor.

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17

What is nonfluent aphasia characterized by?

Non-fluent production and difficulties with understanding or producing complex grammatical structures.

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18

What distinguishes apraxia from aphasia?

Apraxia involves difficulty producing words despite knowing what to say, while aphasia involves difficulties related to language that are not purely motor.

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