CH 1: Positional/Directional Terms + Developmental Stages

Anatomical Position

body standing upright, face forward, arms at sides, palms forward, toes pointing ahead

Supine

lying flat on the back, face upwards

Prone

lying flat on the stomach, face downward

Dorsal Recumbant

lying on the back with knees bent and feet flat on the floor

Fowler Position

sitting upright with the back at a 90 degree angle

Semi-Fowler’s Position

sitting with the back at about a 45 degree angle

Anterior (Ventral)

toward the front of the body

Posterior (Dorsal)

toward the back of the body

Superior

above or toward the head

Inferior

below or toward the feet

Medial

closer to the midline of the body

Lateral

further from the midline, toward the sides

Superficial

near the surface of the body

Deep

farther from the surface, more internal

Proximal

closer to the body’s trunk or point of attachment

Distal

farther from the body’s trunk or point of attachment

Dextrad

toward the right side of the body

Sinistrad

toward the left side of the body

Psychosocial Challenge

conflicts between two outcomes

First Developmental Stage

Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy: 0-1 year)

Second Developmental Stage

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Toddler: 1-3 years)

Third Developmental Stage

Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool: 3-6 years)

Fourth Developmental Stage

Industry vs. Inferiority (School Age: 6-12 years)

Fifth Developmental Stage

Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence: 12-18 years)

Sixth Developmental Stage

Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adult: 18-40 years)

Seventh Developmental Stage

Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adult: 40-65 years)

Eighth Developmental Stage

Ego Integrity vs. Despair (Older Adult: 65+ years)

What is the crisis and success/unsuccessful results of developmental stage 1?

Crisis: developing trust in caregivers and the world

Success: infant learns to trust caregivers, feels safe when needs met

Unsuccessful: mistrust, caregivers neglectful or inconsistent, leads to fear and insecurity

What is the crisis and success/unsuccessful results of developmental stage 2?

Crisis: developing independence and self control

Success: child learns independence (feeding, dressing, toileting), gains confidence

Unsuccessful: overly critical/controlling caregivers cause feelings of shame and doubt

What is the crisis and success/unsuccessful results of developmental stage 3?

Crisis: balancing curiosity with limits

Success: child begins to take initiative, explore, confidently make decisions

Unsuccessful: excessive criticism/restriction leads to guilt and hesitation

What is the crisis and success/unsuccessful results of developmental stage 4?

Crisis: developing a sense of competence and pride

Success: child feels capable through school/home/activity accomplishments

Unsuccessful: lack of recognition or support leads to feelings of inferiority

What is the crisis and success/unsuccessful results of developmental stage 5?

Crisis: developing a clear sense of self and future goals

Success: adolescent forms strong personal identity and values

Unsuccessful: uncertainty about self and future leads to confusion and poor decision-making

What is the crisis and success/unsuccessful results of developmental stage 6?

Crisis: forming loving, lasting relationships

Success: person develops healthy, intimate bonds and commitment

Unsuccessful: fear of rejection/failure leads to isolation and loneliness

What is the crisis and success/unsuccessful results of developmental stage 7?

Crisis: contributing to the next generation

Success: adult feels productive and fives back through work/family/community

Unsuccessful: self-centered/lack of purpose leads to stagnation

What is the crisis and success/unsuccessful results of developmental stage 8?

Crisis: reflecting on life and finding peace

Success: person feels fulfilled

Unsuccessful: regret/dissatisfaction leads to despair and hopelessness