Cell Organelles

What is the order of cells?

Atoms, Molecules, Organelles, Cells, Tissue, Organs, organ Systems, Organisms

Cell Theory

1. All living things are cells.

2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function

3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells

Prokaryote

Bacteria and Archaea are organisms do not have membrane bound organelles, smaller

Eukaryote

Plants, animals, fungi, protists (four kingdoms), have membrane bound organelles, bigger

What do prokaryotes and eukaryotes share?

Cell membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm, DNA, RNA

Do larger organisms have larger, or more cells?

More cells. The larger surface to volume ratio. the more efficiently processes occur.

Compartmentalization

Cell organelles are like separate compartments, allowing multiple reactions to happen at the same time

Vacuole

• Stores water, food and wastes

• Found in both plant and animal cells

Contractile Vacuole

Pumps out excess water in protists (pumps water outside of cell)

Central Vacuole

Stores large amounts of water in plants

Ribosomes

• Make proteins for cell

• Can be free or bound to rough ER

• Non-membrane bound organelle (in all cells)

• Found in both plant and animal cells

Smooth ER

• Synthesis of lipids

• Metabolism of carbohydrates (turning carbs into ATP)

• Detoxification of drugs & toxins

• Found in Both plant and animal

Rough ER

• Stores and packages proteins made by ribosomes on rough ER

• Found in both plant and animal

Nucleolus

• Dense center portion of the nucleus where RNA is made

• Found in both plant and animal

Nucleus

• Contains genes within a eukaryotic cell

• Directs protein synthesis through instructions found within DNA

• Found in both plant and animal cells

Nuclear membrane

• Double membrane that controls what enters and exits the nucleus

• Found in both plant and animal cells

Golgi Bodies

• Transports proteins made by ribosomes (made by rough ER) around cell

• Found in both plant and animal cells

Lysosome

• Contains hydrolytic (breaking apart using water) enzymes involved in digestion of molecules

• Found in animal cells

Mitochondria

• Creates ATP through cellular respiration

• Double membrane

• Contains ribosomes and DNA

• In both plant and animal cells

What is the reaction for respiration?

Glucose, Oxygen TO Carbon dioxide, water, and energy (ATP)

Chloroplast

• Photosynthesis, or production of glucose from light energy occurs here

• Double membrane

• Contains ribosomes and DNA

• Only in plant cells

Peroxisome

• Breaks down hydrogen peroxide

• Both animal & plant cells

Cytoskeleton

• Involved in shape and support

• Works together with motor proteins to provide cell movement

• In both animal and plant cells

Centriole

• Organizes microtubule assembly necessary for cell division

Endomembrane system

Series of organelles that are involved in the synthesis of proteins and their transport within and out of the cell

What does the endomembrane system include?

Smooth & Rough ER, Golgi Bodies, Vacuoles/Vesicles, cell membrane

What is the order of the endomembrane system?

Rough ER, Vesicle, Golgi, Vesicle, Plasma Membrane

What are vesicles?

Sacs made of membranes that are involved in the transport of molecules within the endomembrane system

Cytoskeleton Function

Network of protein fibers

What is the cytoskeleton composed of?

-Microfilaments (thinnest, support cell shape)

• Intermediate filaments (keep cell organelles in place)

• Microtubules (thickest, move chromosomes)

What are cytoskeletons involved in?

Contractions involving actin and mysonin (muscle cell proteins)

Specialized arrangements of microtubules form:

Cilia, Flagella.

What does Cilia look like?

The sun, with tiny hair fibers around it

What does flagella look like?

A sperm cell

Cell Wall Functions

• Protects

• Maintains shape of cell

• Prevents excess uptake of water

What is the cell wall composed of?

Cellulose (plants)

Chitin (fungi)

Peptidoglycan (Bacteria)

Endosymbiotic Theory

The Endosymbiotic Theory says that some parts of eukaryotic cells—like mitochondria and chloroplasts—were once free-living bacteria that got engulfed by larger cells. Instead of being digested, they formed a mutual partnership, eventually becoming permanent organelles inside the host cell.

Evidence of Endosymbiotic Theory

1.Mitochondria and chloroplasts replicate via binary fission (asexual reproduction) like prokaryotes

2. Each organelle has circular DNA

3. Organelles contain ribosomes

4. Has double membrane, as in they were a cell that ate another cell with a membrane

In Animal cells but not plant cells:

1. Centriole

2. Lysosomes

3. Flagella

in plant cells but not animal cells

1. Chloroplasts

2. Cell Wall

3. Central Vacuole