Unit 1: Imperial Russia and WW1

Nicholas I

Nicholas I (1796–1855) was the Emperor of Russia from 1825 until his death in 1855. He was the younger brother of Alexander I and came to power after the Decembrist Revolt. Nicholas I is known for his autocratic rule, military expansion, and efforts to modernize Russia, as well as for his conservative policies and suppression of dissent. His reign saw significant events such as the Crimean War.

“Autocracy, Orthodoxy, and Nationality”

This ideology emphasizes the centralization of power in a single ruler, adherence to traditional religious beliefs, and the importance of national identity. It was promoted by figures like Tsar Nicholas I and aimed to strengthen the state against liberal and revolutionary movements.

Serfdom

_{This system was prevalent in medieval Europe and involved agricultural laborers who could not leave the land without permission. They worked in exchange for protection and a place to live but were subjected to the authority of their lords. It declined with the rise of capitalism and changes in land ownership.}

Crimean War

Fought from 1853 to 1856, this war involved Russia against an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, Britain, and Sardinia. It was primarily over the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land and the decline of the Ottoman Empire. The war highlighted the need for military reforms and resulted in significant geopolitical changes in Europe.

Sevastopol

A city located on the Black Sea, known for its significant naval base and historical importance in various conflicts, including the Crimean War. It has a diverse cultural heritage and was a key site during World War II.

Paris Treaty (1856)

Signed in 1856, this agreement marked the end of hostilities between Russia and an alliance of France, Britain, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia. It aimed to maintain a balance of power in Europe, neutralize the Black Sea, and recognize the integrity of the Ottoman Empire.

Alexander II

Ruled Russia from 1855 to 1881; known for the Emancipation Reform of 1861, which freed serfs and aimed to modernize the economy. Introduced legal reforms, including a new judicial system and local self-government (zemstvos). Promoted education and military modernization. His reign saw increased political unrest, leading to his assassination by radicals in 1881.

Arguments vs. Serfdom

-Economic: Serfs go to cities→ work in factory→ buy things

-Military: serfs should be abolished from history

-Moral and Intellectual: To be seen as modern, they had to abolish it

-Practical: the growing population felt discontent about serfs

Emancipation Edit Alexander II

A significant reform enacted in 1861 by the ruler of Russia, which abolished serfdom, granting freedom to millions of peasants. It aimed to modernize the economy and society, allowing former serfs to own land and seek employment. However, the reform faced challenges, including insufficient land allocation and resistance from landowners, leading to mixed outcomes for the peasantry. This event marked a pivotal moment in Russian history, influencing future social and political changes.

Reactions to the Emancipation Edict

This refers to the diverse responses from various groups following the 1861 decree in Russia that abolished serfdom. Landowners expressed concern over loss of labor and economic stability, while peasants experienced mixed feelings of relief and uncertainty about their new rights. Intellectuals and reformers generally welcomed the change, seeing it as a step towards modernization, while some conservatives feared social upheaval and loss of traditional hierarchies. The overall sentiment was one of cautious optimism mixed with apprehension about the future.

Alexander II’s Military reforms