Spring Semester Test Study Guide

Flashcards covering the muscular, nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.

Sensory Input

Detects stimuli and transmits information to the brain.

Integration

The brain processes sensory input and decides on appropriate responses.

Motor Output

The brain sends signals to muscles or glands to produce a response.

Central Nervous System

Includes the brain and spinal cord; responsible for processing information.

Motor Division

Efferent division of the nervous system

Sympathetic Division

Division that prepares the body for stressful situations.

Autonomic Division

Division responsible for involuntary movements.

Peripheral Nervous System

Includes all nerves extending from the brain or spinal cord.

Sensory Division

Delivers messages from sensory organs to the brain.

Motor Division

Delivers messages from the brain to glands.

Parasympathetic Division

Stimulates rest and digest in non-stressful situations, calming the body down.

Cerebellum

Allows "muscle memory" and muscle coordination.

Corpus Callosum

Connects the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum.

Brain Stem

Meets the body’s basic needs (breathing, circulation, and digestion).

Cerebrum

The outer layer and largest part of the brain.

Hippocampus

Changes your short-term memories into long-term memories.

Amygdala

Triggers fear and anxiety.

Frontal Lobe

Responsible for "executive function" - planning, organizing, and decision making.

Temporal Lobe

Receives and interprets smell and auditory information.

Occipital Lobe

Receives and interprets visual information.

Hypothalamus

Maintains homeostasis and controls the pituitary gland.

Cardiovascular System

Transports oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells and removes waste products.

Artery vs. Vein

Arteries carry blood away from the heart, while veins carry blood back to the heart.

Platelets

Cell involved in hemostasis (blood clotting).

White Blood Cells

Cells that have a lifespan of 1-3 days due to their role in fighting infection.

Red Blood Cells

Cell type measured by hematocrit.

Left Side of Heart

The left side of the heart pumps blood to the body.

Right Side of Heart

The right side of the heart carries deoxygenated blood.

Left Ventricle

Chamber of the heart with the thickest walls.

Processes of Respiration

Pulmonary Ventilation, External Respiration, Transport of Respiratory Gases, Internal Respiration

External Respiration

Exchanges gases between the air and the blood.

Internal Respiration

Exchanges gases between the blood and the tissue cells.

Diaphragm Relaxes

The volume of the chest cavity and lungs decreases.

Order of Gastrointestinal Tract

Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Anus

Accessory Organs of the Digestive System

Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas

Absorption Locations

Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine

Nutrient Destination

Nutrients go to the liver via the hepatic portal vein once absorbed.

Bile Production

Bile is made in the liver.

Bile Storage

Bile is stored in the gallbladder.

Accessory organ that produces digestive enzymes

Pancreas

Small Intestine Order

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

Large Intestine Order

Cecum, Colon, Rectum, Anus

Purposes of the Urinary System

Filters waste from the bloodstream and maintains electrolyte balance.

Urea Formation

Protein breakdown.

Organ that Filters Urea

Kidneys

Liver Role

Urea formation

Urinary Bladder

Stores urine.

Tube Connecting Bladder to Outside

Urethra

Tube Carrying Urine from Kidneys to Bladder

Ureter

What brings the eggs from the ovary into the fallopian tube?

Cilia

Male Reproductive System Parts

Seminal Vesicles, Prostate Gland

Fertilization Location

Fallopian Tube

Structure with Follicles

Ovary

Semen and Urine Tube

Urethra

Uterus "Neck"

Cervix