plant biology test 1 (chapter 1-24)

heterotrophs and autotrophs

what are the two types of mechanisms of getting energy?

heterotrophs

gain energy by consuming organic material from other organisms/sources

animals, fungi, and some single celled organisms

what are three examples of heterotrophs?

autotrophs

self-feeing organisms that can make their own food from inorganic substances

plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce carbohydrates

what is a good example of autotrophic?

roots, stem, shoot, leaves

what are four examples of land plant structures?

roots

hold the plant in place/anchoring function; absorbed water from the soil

stem

support for above ground plant parts

shoot

stem and leaves together

leaves

main plant organ to gather sunlight for photosynthesis

1.) soil 2.) roots 3.) stem 4.) leaves 5.) atmosphere

what is the order of the flow of water?

cuticle

waxy material to reduce water loss from leaves

gas exchange

the cuticle can impact what?

epidermis

outermost layer of cells covering a plant

stomata

openings in the epidermis of leaves for gas exchange

guard cells

the size of stomata is controlled by a pair of what?

vascular system

the cardiovascular system equivalent for plants

xylem and phloem

what are the two things that the plant vascular system is composed of?

xylem

part of the plant vascular system that transports water

phloem

part of the vascular system that transports nutrients and carbohydrates

no they do not

do all plants have xylem and phloem?

meristems

structure that maintains the ability to produce new cells; responsible for a plants continual growth

apical and lateral meristems

what are the two types of meristems?

apical meristems

found at the top of the roots and shoots

primary growth

what kind of growth are apical meristems responsible for?

length and height

primary growth is responsible for the increase of what?

secondary growth

what kind of growth are lateral meristems responsible for?

girth/diameter

secondary growth is responsible for the increase in what in stems and roots?

cork cambium and vascular cambium

secondary growth of plants includes what and what?

green algae

what is an ancestor of land plants?

bryophytes

plant category that includes mosses, liverworts, hornworts

non-vascular, short, damp places

are bryophytes vascular or non-vascular? are they tall or short? where do they grow?

fern and fern allies

plant category that reproduces only using spores

gymnosperms

plants that are known for producing seeds that are not enclosed in a fruit

"naked seed"

what are gymnosperms referred to as?

seeds

gymnosperms reproduce using what?

cycads, conifers (cones), gnetophytes (efedra), ginkgo

what are the four types of gymnosperms?

angiosperms

what is the largest plant category?

flowering

what kind of plants are angiosperms?

vascular; seeds

are angiosperms vascular or non-vascular? they reproduce using what?

fruit

angiosperms produce what?

enclosed

are angiosperms open or enclosed seeds?

cell theory

all living things are made up of at least one cell/s

no; pre-existing cells; cell division

do cells just appear? if not where do they come from? what is this called?

cell

the basic unit of structure and function in organisms

metabolism; photosynthesis

occurs inside the cells to make sure they are doing their functions. such as what function?

parent to the daughter

cells have DNA that can be passed from the what cell to the what cell?

Robert hooke; 1600s

who coined the term cell? when did he do this?

schleiden; botanist

who figured out that all plants are made of cells? what was his profession?

Schwann; zoologist

who figured out that all animals are made of cells? what was his profession?

Virchow; pathologist

who figured out that all cells come from other cells? what was his profession?

prokaryotes

lack a nucleus, arch and bacteria, circular DNA, lack membrane-bound organelles, smaller (1-10 micrometers)

eukaryotes

have a nucleus, plants animals fungi and protists, linear DNA, have organelles, larger (5-100 micrometers)

cell wall; cellulose

outermost part of the cell; provides strength to the plant cell. what is it mostly made of?

protoplast

plant cell components without the cell wall (everything but the cell wall)

cytoplasm; cytosol and organelles

space outside nucleus, that is also within the cell membrane; includes what two things?

cytosol

fluid/liquid component of the cytoplasm

plasma membrane

semi-permeable structure surrounding the cytoplasm

nucleus

contains the nuclear genome

nuclear envelope; pores

the nucleus is enclosed by the what? this has what?

ribosomes

made of ribosomal RNA and protein, synthesize proteins

rough endoplasmic reticulum; cytoplasm

ribosomes are attached to what? or they are free-floating in the what?

plastids

double-membraned organelles that function in photosynthesis, storage, or pigmentation in plant and algal cells

binary fission

plastids reproduce how?

1.) chloroplast 2.) chromoplasts 3.) leucoplast 4.) proplastid

what are the 4 types of plastids?

chloroplast; photosynthesis

type of plastid that contain their own DNA and ribosomes; this is where what occurs?

1.) thylakoid 2.) granum 3.) stroma

what are the three parts of chloroplast?

thylakoid

disc-shaped sacs within chloroplasts

granum

stack of thylakoids

stroma

fluid within chloroplast

thylakoids; stroma

what part of chloroplast is used for the first part of photosynthesis? which part is used for the second part?

chromoplast

plastid that contains yellow, red, and orange pigments

leucoplast; amyloplast; store starch

type of plastid that lacks pigments and have little structure; an example of these would be what? and these do what?

pro plastid

type of plastid found in meristematic areas, undifferentiated plastid

mitochondria

can fuse and divide, and have their own DNA and ribosomes

double-membraned

what is specific about the membrane of mitochondria?

cristae

highly folded inner membrane of the mitochondria

cellular respiration

the metabolic process in cells that converts chemical energy from glucose into ATP

energy needs

the number of mitochondria per cell depends on what?

vacuole

a space or vesicle within the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosed by a membrane and typically containing fluid.

tonoplast; if the cell is mature or immature; cell sap

the vacuole is surrounded by the what? the appearance of vacuoles differs based on what? the vacuole contains what?

endoplasmic reticulum

a network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the nuclear membrane. It usually has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid synthesis.

rough ER and smooth ER

what two things is the endoplasmic reticulum made of?

rough ER

has ribosomes attached to make proteins

smooth ER

makes lipids, and has no ribosomes attached to it

Golgi

synthesis, processing, and secreting certain polysaccharides and glycoproteins

cytoskeleton

network of proteins found in the cytosol

microtubules and actin filaments

what are two essential parts of the cytoskeleton?

microtubules

forms a spindle, and cell wall starts growing

actin filaments

facilitate movement of organelles

plasmodesmata

openings in the primary cell wall for communication, lined with the plasma membrane

plant cells

where are cell walls found?

bursting

what does the cell wall prevent the cell from doing?

size and shape

the cell wall controls what two things?

defense from pathogens

what is the cell wall good for?

cellulose microfibrils

the cell wall is mostly made up of what?

hemicellulose

connected to cellulose microfibrils to control how much the cell wall can expand.

pectin

hydrophilic polysaccharide that makes up the primary cell wall and the middle lamella

expansion

pectin allows for what?

glycoprotein

protein with a carbohydrate attached